1. Theories of Presidential Power
Constitutionalists vs. Presidentialists
Stewardship Theory vs. Literalist Theory
“Two-presidencies” Theory
Foreign policy presidency vs. domestic policy presidency
Do we have the “two-presidencies” in Korea?
“It’s the economy, stupid!” (US presidential election in 1992)
노무현정부와 개혁드라이브  2007년 대선 참패

2. The Building Blocks for Consolidating Presidential Power
I. The Institutional Presidency II. Agenda-setting Power III. “Bully Pulpit” Power

3. The Building Blocks for Consolidating Presidential Power I
I. The Institutional Presidency
The forging of a public yet personal presidency supported by a rather impersonal growth in the White House bureaucracy
Until the 1870s, presidents had to pay any assistants out of their own pockets.
The Brownlow Committee: “The president needs help.”
The Creation of the Executive Office of the President (EOP) in  “The Institutional Presidency” was born!
Council of Economic Advisors in 1946
National Security Council in 1947

4. The Executive Office of the President (EOP) created in 1939
The following entities exist within the Executive Office of the President:
Council of Economic Advisers (1946)
Council on Environmental Quality (1970)
Domestic Policy Council
National Economic Council (1993)
National Security Council (1947)
Office of Administration
Office of Management and Budget (1970): OMB
Office of National AIDS Policy
Office of National Drug Control Policy
Office of Science and Technology Policy (1976)
Office of the United States Trade Representative (1963): USTR
President's Intelligence Advisory Board and Intelligence Oversight Board
Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board
White House Military Office

5. The Building Blocks for Consolidating Presidential Power II
II. Agenda Setting power
the power of agenda setting linked to the role of the president in the legislative arena
On March 5, 1933, FDR issued an executive order temporarily closing the banks, and then on March 9, an emergency banking bill was passed by Congress (benchmark for FDR’s successors)
By the time of Eisenhower, legislators not only accepted but even demanded a presidential agenda.
“Don’t expect us to start from scratch on what you people want.
That’s not the way we do things here --- you draft the bills, and we
work them over.” (a House committee chair admonishing Eisenhower)

6. Presidential “Agenda-setting” Power in the Making of US Foreign Policy
Doctrines or large-scale agendas for foreign-policy strategies
allow presidents a great deal of influence over foreign-policy
 “American Grand Strategy”
Truman: “Containment policy” (containing USSR)
Eisenhower: “New Look” (air-strike and nuclear weapons)
JFK/LBJ: “Flexible Response” (“guns-AND-butter”)
Nixon/Carter: “Détente” (opening to China, SALT I and II)
Reagan: “Roll-back” (aid to anti-communist movements)
Bush: “Preemptive Strikes” (the war on terrorism)

7. The Building Blocks for Consolidating Presidential Power III
III. The “Bully Pulpit” in a Broadcast Age
Radio spread to 80 percent of all U.S. households by 1940
“Fireside chat” in radio a week after FDR’s inauguration
“Leading by educating” the public so that they would see the
issues the same way FDR did!
Jimmy Carter in the energy crisis
Eisenhower in 1955 began to allow TV cameras into press conferences
The impact of TV on the 1960 debates between JFK and Nixon
Kennedy: the first live coverage of his press conferences in
prime time and 65 million Americans watched it.

8. “Bully Pulpit” Power of the Presidency
The core feature of modern presidency
Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and FDR
Impact public opinion has on political outcomes such as
congressional roll call votes, vetoes, midterm election results, etc
“Going Public” strategy
taking the case directly to the people
paradox: presidents are going public at time it is least likely to work.
Conditions that have to be in place for going public to have an impact

9. “Bully pulpit” power and “Going public” strategy
Speech tour for the Hepburn Act of 1906 (TR)
Personal delivery of the State of the Union Address (Woodrow Wilson)
“Evil Empire” speech in 1983 (Reagan)
George W. Bush and 9/11

10. Presidential appearances

11. Press Conferences (per year)

12. The Seduction of “Soft News”
Traditional “hard news” begins to fade (ABC, CBS, NBC)
Entertainment-based “soft news” attracts much
larger and younger audiences
60 Minutes, Oprah Winfrey Show, Daily Show, Tonight
Show with Jay Leno, etc
Focus on human interest stories
Continues to focus on good and evil dichotomy like hard
news
Appeals to wider range of audiences
less education, lower income, and young people
“The Daily Show Phenomena”

13. Reading Discussion: Presidential Power & Agendas
as “Power-to-Persuade”
as “Power-without-Persuasion”
한국 대통령제와 어젠다의 중요성

14. 민주화 이후 역대정부의 대통령 어젠다

15. 2장 대통령 어젠다 한국정치에서 대통령의 실패가 반복되는 이유? 대통령 어젠다 (president’s agenda)란?
대통령 어젠다가 중요한 이유는?
역대 대통령들의 어젠다 비교 평가 기준은?
대통령 어젠다 선정을 위한 고려사항?