1. Ancient Egypt

2. Egyptian Timeline Old Kingdom (2700-2150) –Hieroglyphics and religion develop in Egypt –pyramids built Middle Kingdom (2040-1786) –extension of Egyptian control into Nubia New Kingdom (1570-1075) –militaristic - Hebrews enslaved –mummification perfected

3. Outline 1.Geography 2.Religion –Gods –Pyramids –Mummies 3.Government –The Pharaoh 4.Daily Life 5.Middle Kingdom 6.New Kingdom 234516

4. I. Geography River dominates Egyptian world/thought Surrounded by desert with occasional oasis –Permits some trade –Defense from invasion Contributes to feeling of safety –preserves artifacts 234516

5. “Egypt is the gift of the Nile” -Herodotus 234516

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7. I. The Nile yearly flooding - no concern for soil depletion –Predictable –Irrigation systems Encourages –Trade –Communication –Political unity 234516

8. I. The Nile 234516

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11. Impact on religion –divided life - living and dying. East (sunrise) is land of the living - cities, temples West (sunset) is land of the dead - tombs 234516

12. II. Religion Omnipresence of religion Polytheistic –interaction with the natural environment shows interrelated gods and goddesses yearly rebirth of Nile and daily rebirth of sun –over 2000 gods Pharaoh as living god Afterlife –Evolution of who has an afterlife Old vs. New Kingdom 234516

13. II. Osiris God of the Dead - “rebirth” - and the weighing of the heart Evolution of Egyptian mythology –known as a ruler in the Nile delta - –a local god –regional god. 234516

14. II. Horus Horus, god of balance and harmony maintained the natural order: the flow of the Nile and the fertility of the soil. 234516

15. II. Early Pyramids Zozer’s stepped pyramid - similar to Babylonian ziggurats 234516

16. Why build Pyramids? Belief in the afterlife demanded: 1.Bodies be interred whole 2.Material goods for use in afterlife be present The need to protect the bodies demands good burial tombs 1.First were mastabas 2.Then pyramids 3.Then later… hidden tombs

17. Mastaba

18. II. Great Pyramid Tomb for Khufu an almost perfect square (deviation.05%) Orientation is exactly North, South, East West 2,300,000 blocks, 500ft high 20 years to build Average block weighs 2.5 tons –Some weigh 9 tons! 234516

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22. Pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre and Khufu Queen Pyramids in front 234516

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24. II. Mummies Not known when it started in Egypt Perfected by time of New Kingdom How to make a mummy: 70 steps –1) Removal of the brain through the nostrils 2) Removal of the intestines through an incision in the side 3) Sterilization of the body and intestines 4) Treating, cleaning, dehydrating the intestines 5) Packing the body with natron (a natural dehydrating agent) and leaving for 40 days 6) Removal of the natron agent 7) Packing the limbs with clay or sand 8) Packing the body with linen (soaked in resin), myrrh and cinnamon 9) Treating the body with ointments and finally wrapping with a fine linen gauze, not less than 1000 square yards. 234516

25. Canopic Jars made of alabaster for storage of heart, stomach, intestines and liver which were also treated 234516

26. Inner coffin Mummy 234516

27. Second inner coffin lid Second inner coffin 234516

28. Shawabti box Gift bearers Model boat Funerary Gifts 234516

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30. III. The Pharaoh God-King - unlike Mesopotamia –Temporal power owns all the land and people and what people posses law vs. Pharaoh's will irrigation no city walls 234516

31. III. The Pharaoh God-King - unlike Mesopotamia –Religious direct descendant of the Sun god controls access to the afterlife July-Sept, during floods life is controlled by the Pharaoh –365 day calendar. 234516

32. III. Role played by size in Egyptian Artwork 234516

33. IV. Daily Life in Egypt Cosmetics, cleanliness (bathe 3 times a day), shaved bodies, wigs main food is beer and bread –Grow many crops: emmer, barley, flax, lentils, onion, beans, and millet common building made of sun-dried mud bricks - up to three stories in height Four social classes - slaves on the bottom Most common job … farming 234516

36. IV. Farmers in Egypt 234516

37. IV. Hieroglyphics Language is written without vowels Different pronunciations –MNFR as Memphis –SR as Osiris –TTMS as either Thutmose, Thutmosis, Tatmusa or Atithmese Who learns this writing style? 234516

38. IV. Hieroglyphics Use in temples Rosetta Stone Napoleon and Egyptology. 234516

39. IV. Egyptian Artwork Egyptian Farmers & animals Stela (carved stone) 234516 Notice, all people drawn from the side – even when looking right at you!

40. V. Middle Kingdom 2050-1750 BCE End of civil wars, farming and trade return move capital south to Upper Egypt (Thebes) public improvements –drain swamps, canal to Red Sea belief in afterlife expands to include common people tombs instead of pyramids –better protection for mummies. 234516

41. V. Middle Kingdom 2050-1750 BCE 234516

42. VI. New Kingdom 1550-1075 BCE Ahmose I expelled the invading Hyksos and reunited Egypt Known as the Empire period development of “public” and “private” zones at temples. 234516

43. Ahmose I leading Egyptians against the Hyksos 234516

44. VI. New Kingdom 1550-1075 BCE Characterized by a more militaristic and imperialistic nature –incorporated chariot, bronze working, horses –development of a professional army became a slave based economy fueled by war and expansion 234516

45. VI. Threats to Tradition Amenhotep IV (c. 1362-1347 B.C.) introduced the worship of Aton, god of the sun disk, as the chief god and pursued his worship with enthusiasm. Changed name to Akhenaten (“It is well with Aton”) He closed the temples of other gods and especially endeavored to lessen the power of Amon-Re and his priesthood at Thebes. 234516

46. VI. Threats to Tradition 1355-1335 BCE Nefertiti –Wife of Akhenaton the only pharaoh to even partially reject polytheism –political move against priests of Amon-Re –moved capital to Amarna –worshipped Aton, the sun disk royal inbreeding. 234516

47. VI. Tutankhamen 1335-1325 BCE (King Tut) child ruler ruled nine years, died at 18 young death meant burial in the tomb of a lesser person (noble) resulting in preservation 234516

48. VI. Ramses II (1279-1213) greatest New Kingdom ruler military leader of Egypt expanded into southern Turkey built many monuments to himself last gasp of Egyptian power. 234516

49. VI. Ramses II (1279-1213) 234516

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