1. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology: An Introduction Benjamin Lahey11th Edition Slides by Kimberly Foreman

2. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Thirteen: Stress and Health

3. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Stress: Challenges to Coping Sources of stress: - life events: - negative life events: - violence, war and sexual assault - loss of a family member - natural disasters - terrorism - daily hassles - even positive live events

4. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Stress: Challenges to Coping (cont.) Sources of stress (cont.): - frustration - conflict: - approach-approach conflict - avoidance-avoidance conflict - approach-avoidance conflict -multiple approach-avoidance conflict -pressure - environmental conditions

5. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Stress: Challenges to Coping (cont.) General aspects of stress reactions: - we react to stress as a whole - psychological and bodily reactions are highly similar whether the stress is physical or psychological -combination of anxiety, depression, anger and irritability - changes in appetite for food and interest in sex - difficulty concentrating

6. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Stress: Challenges to Coping (cont.) Physical reactions to stress and health: - general adaptation syndrome: - alarm reaction - resistance stage - exhaustion stage - GAS and the immune system

7. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Factors that Influence Reactions to Stress - prior experience with the stress - developmental factors: - age - predictability and control - social support: - someone to talk to - receiving advice and solace

8. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Factors that Influence Reactions to Stress (cont.) Person variables in reactions to stress: - cognitive factors in stress reactions: - intelligence and stress - appraisals of stress

9. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Factors that Influence Reactions to Stress (cont.) Person variables in reactions to stress (cont.): - personality characteristics and stress reactions: - type A personality: - competitive - rushing - workaholic - speaks loudly or “explosively” - perfectionistic or demanding - hostile and aggressive

10. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Factors that Influence Reactions to Stress (cont.) Person variables in reactions to stress (cont.): - gender differences in response to stress: - benefits of marriage - fight-or-flight and tend-and-befriend - ethnicity: -minority groups tend to have fewer of the advantages that shield from stress: - education - higher income

11. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Coping with Stress Effective coping: - methods: - removing or reducing stress - cognitive coping: - reappraisal - managing stress reactions: - counseling

12. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Coping with Stress (cont.) Ineffective coping: -withdrawal -aggression -self-medication -defense mechanisms: -distorting reality: - displacement, sublimation, projection, reaction formation, regression, rationalization, repression, denial and intellectualization

13. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Changing Health-Related Behavior Patterns Learning to relax: - progressive relaxation training: - deep relaxation for large body muscles - decreased sympathetic arousal

14. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Changing Health-Related Behavior Patterns (cont.) Improved eating habits: - weight: - good nutrition - body mass index

15. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Changing Health-Related Behavior Patterns (cont.) Improved eating habits (cont.): - suggestions for a healthy lifestyle: - have reasonable goals - do not “diet” - eat differently - do not give up because of lapses - emphasize exercise - do not smoke - comply with medical advice

16. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Changing Health-Related Behavior Patterns (cont.) Human diversity: psychology and women’s health: - health concerns of women - changes in high-risk behavior - different equation between health behaviors and illnesses - sociological factors in women’s health

17. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Changing Health-Related Behavior Patterns (cont.) Safety management: - accidents: - seatbelts - careless behavior on the job: - protective gear: - earplugs