1. THE ROMAN EMPIRE

2. The Birth of the Roman Empire After Caesar’s assassination= civil war ensued After Caesar’s assassination= civil war ensued Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Marc Antony and Lepidus in 43 BCE and divided the Republic between them Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Marc Antony and Lepidus in 43 BCE and divided the Republic between them Lepidus was pushed from power Lepidus was pushed from power Marc Antony met and married Cleopatra in 36 BCE, but Octavian defeated Antony’s armies and Anthony and Cleopatra committed suicide Marc Antony met and married Cleopatra in 36 BCE, but Octavian defeated Antony’s armies and Anthony and Cleopatra committed suicide Octavian was left as master of Roman world Octavian was left as master of Roman world

3. From Octavian to Augustus He was given semi-divine name of Augustus – supreme commander He was given semi-divine name of Augustus – supreme commander Only took the title of Princeps but was in fact Rome’s first emperor Only took the title of Princeps but was in fact Rome’s first emperor Began Pax Romana – 200 years of order and stability Began Pax Romana – 200 years of order and stability Senate continued to exist to suggest and approve the Emperor’s decisions Senate continued to exist to suggest and approve the Emperor’s decisions

4. Rome under Augustus Reign of 42 years – economic and cultural growth Reign of 42 years – economic and cultural growth Re-organized army – 25 legions, force of 9000 men known as Praetorian Guard and police force for Rome Re-organized army – 25 legions, force of 9000 men known as Praetorian Guard and police force for Rome Appointed provincial governors and reformed tax system Appointed provincial governors and reformed tax system Massive building program that turned Rome from a ‘city of brick to a city of marble’ (2 circuses, 2 amphitheatres, 4 gladiatorial schools, 11 imperial baths, 926 private baths, 2000 fountains, 700 public pools and 37 monumental gates) Massive building program that turned Rome from a ‘city of brick to a city of marble’ (2 circuses, 2 amphitheatres, 4 gladiatorial schools, 11 imperial baths, 926 private baths, 2000 fountains, 700 public pools and 37 monumental gates) Trade increased, living standards rose Trade increased, living standards rose Improved road systems - “all roads lead to Rome” Improved road systems - “all roads lead to Rome”

5. Emperors: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly Augustus Dynasty Tiberus Tiberus Caligula Caligula Claudius Claudius Nero Nero TRAJAN Claudius Caligula NERO

6. Emperors: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly Flavian Dynasty Vespasian Vespasian Titus Titus Domitian Domitian TRAJAN Vespasian Titus Domitian

7. Emperors: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly Trajan Trajan Hadrian Hadrian Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius Constantine Constantine Diocletian Diocletian TRAJAN HADRIAN CONSTANTINE DIOCLETIAN

9. SLAVES & ECONOMY Augustus – freed slaves became citizens Augustus – freed slaves became citizens Slavery played a large role in economy of Italy Slavery played a large role in economy of Italy Slaves built roads, monuments and public works, farming Slaves built roads, monuments and public works, farming Some slaves were well educated people who worked as doctors, dentists, writer and educators Some slaves were well educated people who worked as doctors, dentists, writer and educators At height of empire, slaves made up an estimated 1/3 of population and were used as gladiators, dictation, worked in masters’ estates At height of empire, slaves made up an estimated 1/3 of population and were used as gladiators, dictation, worked in masters’ estates Romans didn't work – some households had 100 slaves Romans didn't work – some households had 100 slaves During Roman Empire, free grain had to be distributed to almost 200 000 people (lack of jobs; heavy reliance on slaves) During Roman Empire, free grain had to be distributed to almost 200 000 people (lack of jobs; heavy reliance on slaves) More than ¾ of food came from Sicily, North Africa and Egypt= paid for by taxes from rest of empire (Rome paid no taxes) More than ¾ of food came from Sicily, North Africa and Egypt= paid for by taxes from rest of empire (Rome paid no taxes)

10. Architecture Roman sculptures developed own styles with triumphal arches, columns and symbols and figures that celebrated the victories of conquering emperors Roman sculptures developed own styles with triumphal arches, columns and symbols and figures that celebrated the victories of conquering emperors Hadrian’s Wall Hadrian’s Wall Roman Aqueducts Roman Aqueducts Pantheon Pantheon Thermal Baths Thermal Baths Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre) built in 80 CE by Emperor Titus Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre) built in 80 CE by Emperor Titus Circus, theatres Circus, theatres Arch of Titus

11. Arch of Constantine

15. Bread and Circuses: Daily Life in the Roman Empire Daily life: Bread and Circuses: poor people of city were given free grain, while both the rich and poor enjoyed chariot races, gladiator duels and other spectacles of the Circus Maximus -24 races a day Daily life: Bread and Circuses: poor people of city were given free grain, while both the rich and poor enjoyed chariot races, gladiator duels and other spectacles of the Circus Maximus -24 races a day Legal punishments varied depending on class and wealth Legal punishments varied depending on class and wealth Luxury- theatre, public baths and diversity of goods Luxury- theatre, public baths and diversity of goods

22. Religions in the Roman Empire Cult of Isis- Egypt religion that worshiped Isis (wife of Osiris and mother of Horus) was very popular in Roman Empire (Pompeii there was a temple) Cult of Isis- Egypt religion that worshiped Isis (wife of Osiris and mother of Horus) was very popular in Roman Empire (Pompeii there was a temple) Mithraism- Persian deity was popular among soldiers and merchants as they traveled to far East (ritual killing of bull) Mithraism- Persian deity was popular among soldiers and merchants as they traveled to far East (ritual killing of bull) Christianity- became popular as it preached equality (slave, noble ) could achieve salvation but Christians were the most persecuted among the rising religions (ie. Nero and Great Fire in Rome) Christianity- became popular as it preached equality (slave, noble ) could achieve salvation but Christians were the most persecuted among the rising religions (ie. Nero and Great Fire in Rome) Judaism- Diaspora (dispersion) in 586 BCE spread out Jews but by 4 th century CE, there were 11 synagogues in Rome Judaism- Diaspora (dispersion) in 586 BCE spread out Jews but by 4 th century CE, there were 11 synagogues in Rome

24. Seeds of the Fall of the Empire Diocletian – promoted to Emperor in 284 CE by his fellow soldiers in Praetorian Guard Diocletian – promoted to Emperor in 284 CE by his fellow soldiers in Praetorian Guard 293 CE, Diocletian made some fateful reforms: 293 CE, Diocletian made some fateful reforms: 1. divided the rule of the Roman Empire into two parts (East and West) 2. dismantled Christian churches and burned holy scriptures and many Christians died as martyrs 1. divided the rule of the Roman Empire into two parts (East and West) 2. dismantled Christian churches and burned holy scriptures and many Christians died as martyrs split of the Roman Empire became permanent and Western part of Empire lost its Roman nature, while Eastern developed into the Byzantine Empire split of the Roman Empire became permanent and Western part of Empire lost its Roman nature, while Eastern developed into the Byzantine Empire Problems of high inflation Problems of high inflation Christianity was still spreading Christianity was still spreading

26. Christianity and Constantine Christianity gained influence in from the 2 nd – 4 th century CE (despite the great persecutions in the 3 rd century CE) Christianity gained influence in from the 2 nd – 4 th century CE (despite the great persecutions in the 3 rd century CE) First Christian Emperor of Rome was Constantine (after he was victorious in battle he accredited it to God) First Christian Emperor of Rome was Constantine (after he was victorious in battle he accredited it to God) Passed the Edict of Milan (Edict of Toleration) in 313 CE, proclaiming Christians free from persecution Passed the Edict of Milan (Edict of Toleration) in 313 CE, proclaiming Christians free from persecution Favoured Christian communities and established Byzantium as major seat in Roman government (called the New Rome or Constantinople) given equal authority to Rome (set to replace Rome as centre of Empire Favoured Christian communities and established Byzantium as major seat in Roman government (called the New Rome or Constantinople) given equal authority to Rome (set to replace Rome as centre of Empire

27. Fall of West By 5 th century CE, successive invasions by the barbarians from north (Germanic tribes consisting of Goths, Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Franks, Vandals and Huns) that conquered land By 5 th century CE, successive invasions by the barbarians from north (Germanic tribes consisting of Goths, Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Franks, Vandals and Huns) that conquered land Effort by Roman Emperors to accommodate and settle them, but eventually the barbarians swept through the Roman empire creating smaller kingdoms run by Germanic monarchs Effort by Roman Emperors to accommodate and settle them, but eventually the barbarians swept through the Roman empire creating smaller kingdoms run by Germanic monarchs 410 CE, Visigoths sacked Rome; 455 CE Vandals sack Rome 410 CE, Visigoths sacked Rome; 455 CE Vandals sack Rome Roman Empire fought Attila the Hun Roman Empire fought Attila the Hun German barbarian Odoacer deposed the historic line of emperors in Rome in 476 CE German barbarian Odoacer deposed the historic line of emperors in Rome in 476 CE 1200 years after the founding of Rome, the Western Empire came to an end 1200 years after the founding of Rome, the Western Empire came to an end

29. Reasons for the Fall 1) Reliance on colonies for raw materials and goods: reliance on products such as grain, wine, olive oil, gold, stone, cloth stagnated Roman production and innovation as Italy produced less and less (became poorer as other provinces became richer) 2) Decline of army: Diocletian increased size of army which took people away from farms= decrease in food production; emperors recruited foreigners in colonies to fight for Roman army= taught them techniques which worked against them 3) High inflation and taxes (growing cost of defence was a great burden on economy as soldiers had to be fed, clothed and armed= distribution of coins made of less valuable metal= caused inflation and in time there was no $ to support army). Heavy taxes imposed on population which were difficult to pay. 4) Dependence on slavery: reliance of slaves for agricultural production in single large farms; once empire stopped growing there was a shortage of slaves resulting in system of tenant farming (collection of small farms) which was less efficient 5) Insecurity of Emperors: army had huge influence on how emperors were chosen which resulted in rivalry, murder plots and power struggles 6) Rise of Christianity: growing influence of Christianity caused changes in Roman culture, practices and ideology; Edict of Milan passed in 313 CE under Constantine, but became legal and state religion under Theodosius in 380 CE 7) Menacing movements of barbarians: constant invasions and the spreading of plagues contributed to the break up of the empire; invading barbarians used the Roman roads to move quickly and gained more territory in Roman Empire All led to the decline of idea of an eternal Rome and Roman supremacy

30. A New Era After the fall of the West, the Roman Empire centred in Constantinople and was transformed into Byzantium (until 1453) After the fall of the West, the Roman Empire centred in Constantinople and was transformed into Byzantium (until 1453) Despite the fall of Rome, its influences transcended to the Middle Ages (language of Latin, laws, religion of Christianity and culture) Despite the fall of Rome, its influences transcended to the Middle Ages (language of Latin, laws, religion of Christianity and culture) People of Europe became more “Romanized” after Rome fell than ever before People of Europe became more “Romanized” after Rome fell than ever before