1. Unit 2 Language Change… English across time…

3. The Subsystems Phonetics Phonology Morphology Lexicology Syntax Discourse Analysis Semantics Pragmatics Study of sounds/production Study of sound patterns Study of morphemes Study of lexemes Study of sentences Study of connected sentences Study of meaning Study of contextual meaning

4. Unit 2: Language Change The historical development of English from Old English to present-day Australian English and factors influencing language change The relationship of English to the Indo- European languages The codification and the making of Standard English, focusing on the origins of the English spelling system

5. The British Invasion 4000 BC Neolithic tribes settle the Isle 43 AD Roman Empire Invades the Isle 410 AD Roman Empire leaves the Isle 500 AD Germanic Tribes Invade the Isle 9 th & 11 th Centuries Vikings Invade & Settle parts of the Isle 1066 AD Battle of Hastings French Invade the Isle We speak:

6. 1300 AD English is recognised and used!!

7. Transition to Australia

8. Australian English

9. Proto Indo European Italic Latin French Italian Spanish Romanian Catalans Proto Celtic Welsh Breton Cornish Gaulish Scottish Irish Manx Proto Germanic Western Germanic Flemish Dutch English Low German High German Frisian Northern Germanic Norwegian Icelandic Swedish Danish Balto Slavic Baltic Old Prussian Lithuanian Latvian Slavic Serbo-Croatian Bulgarian Slovenian Ukrainian White Russian Great Russian Polish Czech Greek Ionic Doric Arcadian Aeolic Armeno- Aryan Old Iranian Persian Pashto Belukha Sanskrit Hindi Marathi Panjabi Bengali The Family Tree

10. Relationships Alive Today English has had many influences upon it during various stages of its development We can see evidence of the similar lexemes across languages through cognates. EnglishDutchGermanSwedishIrishNorwegianItalian fathervaderVaterfarathairfarpadre MothermoederMuttermoderm á thairmormadre

11. Codification As a language develops, it undergoes changes to become more regular, or it is codified This process makes words more regular in the lexicon in regards to morphology and syntax and is referred to as analogy Plural markers Brethren – Brothers Stadia – Stadiums

12. Spelling English spelling is the result of a range of factors, including: The range of languages which input to its development The lack of education of the people using English for hundreds of years Varied pronunciations, due to dialects Inconsistencies in regards to morpheme usage Inconsistencies in regards to lexical items employed by speakers No centralised source to which writers may refer

14. Kentish Southern Northern East Midlands West Midlands

16. Kentish Southern Northern East Midlands West Midlands

17. Bringing our Spelling Together Our spelling was made to be somewhat more unified through Caxton’s Printing Press, completed in 1476. Dr Samuel Johnson’s dictionary, completed in 1755 also gave English users a point of reference for English spelling Noah Webster finished his American Dictionary in 1828, giving a reference point for American spelling and looking to make English more phonetic in its spelling system

18. Cracks in the System Problems arose as a result of Caxton’s Press, as spelling was still improvised and inconsistent. Often letters would be randomly inserted or omitted to make the words in lines fit more nicely Dr Johnson’s Dictionary was not the first, as similar works had been in production for the previous 150 years. Besides having less entries than his predecessors, it also omitted any words he deemed to be inappropriate Noah Webster’s dictionary further splintered the dialects of English

19. ghoti /f/ sound As in tough / I / sound As in women / ∫ / sound As in position