1. Chapter 13 Children with Physical Disabilities, Health Impairments, and Multiple Disabilities © 2015. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

2. Historical Overview 1917 - 1st legislative action for individuals with physical disabilities 1935 - Social Security Act - vocational rehabilitation 1968 - Architectural Barriers Act Universal access, medical advances, and improving technology have allowed individuals with disabilities great mobility, communication, and independent living. © 2015. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

3. Two Students: Pam and Henry Characteristics Similarities Differences Strengths and challenges © 2015. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

4. Disabilities Recognized Under IDEA 2004 Orthopedic impairment Traumatic brain injury Deafblindness Multiple disabilities Other health impairments © 2015. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

5. Physical Disabilities Neuromotor impairments Cerebral palsy: Spastic, Dyskinetic, Ataxia, mixed Neural tube defects Seizure disorders Traumatic brain injury Degenerative diseases Muscular dystrophy Orthopedic and musculoskeletal disorders Juvenile arthritis Spinal curvatures © 2015. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

6. Major Health Impairments Asthma ADD/ADHD Cystic fibrosis HIV/AIDS Heart defects Cancer Diabetes Substance Abuse Hemophilia Lead poisoning Leukemia TORCH infections Rheumatic Fever Sickle cell anemia Meningitis/encephalitis Hepatitis B © 2015. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

7. Severe and Multiple Disabilities NICHCY defines severely disabled individuals as those “who require extensive ongoing support in more than one major life activity in order to participate in integrated community settings and enjoy the quality of life available to people with fewer or no disabilities.” This includes a broad range of people including those with psychiatric disorders, deafblindness, and combinations of health, motor, or cognitive impairments. © 2015. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

8. Prevalence © 2015. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

9. Genetic Factors and Disabilities Disabilities with genetic components include: Muscular dystrophies Sickle cell anemia Hemophilia Cystic fibrosis Juvenile diabetes Gene replacement therapy is one area of research searching for treatments for these disorders. © 2015. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

10. Assessment Identification of children with physical disabilities and health impairments is usually done by physicians. Educational Assessment: Norm-referenced tests are not an adequate measure of the true abilities of many students with disabilities. The law requires educational assessments to be timely, comprehensive, and multidisciplinary. Accommodations for or alternatives to assessments will be included in a student’s IEP. © 2015. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

11. Educational Responses: Organizational Structures How can the RtI model variously serve students with physical disabilities, health impairments, or severe disabilities? Consider Pam’s story. How does inclusion benefit even students with multiple and/or severe disabilities? Consider Henry’s story. © 2015. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

12. Educational Responses: Curriculum and Instruction Common Core State Standards Students with cognitive delays may have alternative curriculum. Students with physical impairments may need supports to access the curriculum. Expanded Core Curriculum Motor skills instruction and support Functional life skills instruction and support Major goals are self-determination and autonomy © 2015. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

13. Educational Responses: Assistive Technology For assistive technology to be effective It must be selected with the child’s needs in mind. The child must receive training on using the AT. Assistive technology may be High-tech – electronic boards for speech assistance Low-tech – splints that allow students to hold a pencil © 2015. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

14. Family and Lifespan Issues Family support is key! Families need both emotional and physical support. The transition to adulthood is made easier with careful planning. The transition coordinator assists in developing the ITP with plans for either vocational placement or post- secondary education. © 2015. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.