1. * Developed by John Keller in 1987 * Based on the idea that resources, procedures and activities should enhance motivation to learn. * Contains four categories under which materials and activities fall. * Utilizing all four can help to increase student motivation to succeed.

2. * These four categories bear a striking resemblance to both SDT and Flow Theory: * Attention * The activities must garner students attention and concentration (as in Flow). * Relevance * Students should be familiar with the material and relate to it (as in SDT)

3. * These four categories bear a striking resemblance to both SDT and Flow Theory: * Confidence * Students should be in control of their learning experience (autonomy in SDT; control in Flow), be competent in the material (as in SDT) and the task should be challenging (as in Flow) * Satisfaction * The task should provide intrinsic reinforcement. This is the same as the satisfaction of completing a task in a “flow state.”