2. Microorganisms – small, living organism not visible to the naked eye Ideal Conditions Warm Dark Moist – food Pathogen – cause infectious disease Nonpathogens – normal flora/beneficial Aerobic – need oxygen Anaerobic – do not need oxygen (gangrene)

3. Cocci – round/ spherical Diplococci - - gonorrhea, meningitis, pneumonia Streptococci - (chains) – strep throat, rheumatic fever Staphylococci - (clusters) – pyogenic – skin (wound) infections, boils

4. Bacilli Rod-like May have flagella May form spores Tuberculosis, tetanus, typhoid, pertussis (whooping cough), botulism, diptheria

5. Spirilla Spiral or corkscrew shape Vibrio Spirochete Syphilis, cholera All bacteria treated with antibiotics

6. Protozoa One-celled; animal like Decayed material and contaminated water Flagella Malaria, amebic dysentery, trichomonas, African sleeping sickness Treated with antibiotics (flagyl)

7. Fungi Simple, plant-like organisms Dead organic matter Yeasts and molds – pathogenic Ringworm, athlete’s foot, histoplasmosis, yeast vaginitis, thrush Treated with antifungal agents (lotrimin, miconozole)

8. Rickettsia Parasitic – cannot live outside cells of another living organism Fleas, lice, ticks, mice Typhus (jailhouse) fever, Rocky Mountain Spotted fever Treated with antibiotics

9. Virus Smallest microorganism – electron microscope Reproduce only within another living cell Blood and body fluids Difficult to kill – resistant to disinfectants and immune to antibiotics Colds, measles, mumps, chicken pox, herpes, warts, influenza, polio

10. Virus Hepatitis B – HBV - liver/ vaccination Hepatitis C – HCV - liver/ no vaccination – Difficult to destroy – live for days in dried blood and fluids Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) – HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) – no vaccination How do vaccinations work?

11. Helminths  Multicellular parasitic organisms – worms/flukes  Ingest eggs/larvae in contaminated food  Penetrate through the skin  Hookworms – small intestine, heart, lung  Ascariasis – intestinal obstruction  Trichinella spiralis – trichinosis – raw pork  Enterobiasis – pinworm  Taenia solium – tapeworm - pork

12. Types of infection or disease Endogenous – originates in the body (congenital; tumors; microorganisms in the body) Exogenous – originates outside the body (pathogens) Nosocomial – hospital acquired Not present on admission Appears 72 hours or more after admission transmitted to patient by health care workers Opportunistic – body defenses are weak