1. Energy Conference and Exhibition 2007 Best Practices for Energy-Efficiency in Critical Power Applications Kit Killingsworth

2. Power Quality in the US has been declining due to: Power Quality in the US has been declining due to: The age of the utility grid The age of the utility grid Shortage of infrastructure maintenance Shortage of infrastructure maintenance Increase in demand by large critical processes Increase in demand by large critical processes Increase in demand by data centers applications Increase in demand by data centers applications

3. Clean Reliable Power is required by: Data Centers Data Centers Hospital Radiology/Imaging Equipment. Hospital Radiology/Imaging Equipment. Transmitters in Broadcast Stations. Transmitters in Broadcast Stations. Continuous process applications - Manufacturing Continuous process applications - Manufacturing Casinos Casinos

4. Uninterruptible Power Supply Systems the solution with a catch ? Efficiency losses in UPS’s represent about 5% to 12% of all energy consumed in data centers…………... High-Performance Buildings for High- Tech Industries, Lawrence Livermore Labs Efficiency losses in UPS’s represent about 5% to 12% of all energy consumed in data centers…………... High-Performance Buildings for High- Tech Industries, Lawrence Livermore Labs

5. Double Conversion UPS 92% or less Efficiency AC DCAC DC From Utility Grid (480 VAC) To Critical Load (480 VAC) Battery String 480 VDC Static Bypass Switch Tuned Filter “On” or “Off” Battery String Minimum battery is 2 cabinets

9. DC Input Contactor Static Switch Line Inductor Filter Inductor Utility Converter Flywheel Converter Flywheel Output Contactor Bypass Contactor Inverter Fuse “Parallel Online” Topology 97 % Efficient. “Parallel Online” Topology 97 % Efficient. AC

10. 300 KVA Flywheel UPS-14 Sq. Ft. 97% Efficient Integrated bypass cabinet Integrated bypass cabinet Easier I/O terminations Easier I/O terminations Static bypass Static bypass Maintenance bypass Maintenance bypass Line conditioning Line conditioning voltage regulation voltage regulation harmonics cancellation harmonics cancellation power factor improvement power factor improvement Field upgradeable to higher power Field upgradeable to higher power

11. Steel Flywheel, motor-generator rotor Air-gap armature Magnetic bearing integrated into field circuit Field-replaceable ball-bearing cartridges Field coil No permanent magnets Operates in vacuum Flywheel Energy Storage Flywheel Energy Storage Provides up to 2 min. of runtime Ideal for Bridging power to generators

12. 625 with VRLA Cabinets - 190 sq. ft. Static UPS with Flywheel Energy Storage 89 sq. ft. 625 with VRLA Cabinets - 187 sq. ft. Footprint Comparison - 600 kVA UPS Compact Power Dense

13. TCO CSUPS vs. Legacy Battery UPS

14. Highest UPS Efficiency

15. UPS Efficiency Comparison

16. Annual Utility Cost Energy cost = $0.06/ kWHr Cost of UPS losses and cooling per MW of critical load

17. Efficiency Cost Savings – 300 KVA Battery based UPS:.10 X.08.92 X 300 X 8760 = $22,852.92 X 300 X 8760 = $22,852 Parallel Online UPS:.10 X.03 X 300 X 8760 = $8,127.97.97 Energy Cost Savings PER YEAR = $14,725

18. Electricity Cost at $0.10 per kWh Electricity Cost at $0.10 per kWh

19. NEW GREEN TECHNOLOGY Extended Runtime Energy Storage Thermal & Compressed Air Energy Storage (TACAS) Introduced 2006 To DC Bus of UPS Short-Term Energy Storage Long-Term Energy Storage Provides up to 45 minutes of runtime Also provides backup cooling

20. Flywheel Energy Storage Attribute Overall footprint higher than battery based solution Overall footprint higher than battery based solution Flexibility of location Flexibility of location 0 to 40 deg. C operational temperature range 0 to 40 deg. C operational temperature range No performance degradation throughout the operating temperature range No performance degradation throughout the operating temperature range Allows premium datacenter real estate to be used for revenue generating equipment

21. Flywheel Energy Storage No hazardous byproducts No disposal issues Green Technology

22. Technology Comparison Typical VRLA FloodedFlywheel Thermal & Compr. Air Initial Cost 1x1.4x1.5x1.4x Installation Cost MediumHighLowLow Maintenance Cost MediumHighLowLow Replacement Cost (20 yr) HighHighLowLow Life Cycle Cost 2.8 x installed 2.5 x installed 1.6 x installed RuntimeMinutesMinutesSecondsMinutes Life in UPS application 2-4 years 10-15 years 20 years Ambient temp range 20-25º C 0-40º C Discharge cycles LimitedBetterBest Very Good FootprintGood Not Good BestFair

23. Selected End Users UtilitiesCommunicationsManufacturingTechnology Banking, Military, Hospitals, Misc.

24. THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME Visit Active Power at Booth 416