1. Joint Research Centre the European Commission's in-house science service Serving society Stimulating innovation Supporting legislation Sustainability Assessment of Second Life Application of Automotive Batteries

2. SASLAB Sustainability Assessment of Second Life Application of Automotive Batteries Batteries2020 Workshop JRC Exploratory Research 2016 Franco Di Persio, and Andreas Pfrang (JRC, IET - F02, Petten) Silvia Bobba, Fabrice Mathieux (JRC, IES – H08, Ispra) Maarten Messagie (VUBrussels) 1

3. Who are we? Experimental facilities at JRC Why SASLAB? Degradation of battery Nonlinear aging Calendar aging and role of temperature State Of Health (SOH) assessment Modelling for performance/degradation Testing procedure Open questions / conclusions Outline 2

4. Panorama of the European Union CLIMA European Parliament European Court of Auditors The Council of the European Union The Committee of the Regions Court of Justice Economic and Social Committee Tibor Navracsics Commissioner European Commission (28 Commission members) ENVRELEX ENTR MOVE ENER RTD JRC IPSC IET IHCPITUIPTS IES IRMM 3

5. JRC Mission: As the science and knowledge service of the European Commission, the Joint Research Centre's mission is to support EU policies with independent evidence throughout the whole policy cycle. Petten, NL Ispra, IT  Independent of national or commercial interests…. for the European citizen Joint Research Centre (JRC) 4 Institute for Environment and Sustainability Institute for Energy and Transport

6. Unit F02 (Petten) Battery Safety and Performance Testing Policy support Battery Energy Storage Testing for Safe Electrification of Transport 5

7. One of the two H.8 Platforms that support European Commission’s Impact Assessments European Platform on Life Cycle Assessment Institute for Environment and Sustainability, H.8 (Ispra) Mobilized competences:  Methodological advancement on Sustainability Assessment Life Cycle Analysis (e.g. Product Environmental Footprint) Resource Efficiency assessment Critical Raw Material analysis  Life Cycle Inventory Data (e.g. Life cycle Data Network) 6

8. Experimental facilities at JRC 7 CyclerChannels Voltage range (V) Current range (A) 132-2 to 80 to 20 248-2 to 8 4 ranges: 0 to 150·10 -6, 0 to 0.005, 0 to 0.150 and 0 to 5 3160 to 180 to 25 Battery cyclers Temperature and climate chambers Eight BIA temperature chambers (46 l each) -40 °C to 85 °C 2.0 °C/min Two climate chambers: Vötsch VCS3 7060-5 (600 l each) -55 °C to 155 °C 6.0 °C/min

9. Experimental facilities at JRC 8 GLOVEBOX SYSTEM: Battery assembly/disassembly Thermal analysis in combination with gas analysis MICROSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) THERMAL IMAGING

10. Why SASLAB? 19 Challenges: Battery cost (significant fraction of EV cost) Required raw materials Need for battery recycling Opportunities: Remaining battery capacity at end of first life Increasing number of EV and consequently batteries Second life applications

11. Why SASLAB? 19 Challenges: Battery cost (significant fraction of EV cost) Required raw materials Need for battery recycling Competition with new technologies Streamlining battery flows Regulatory issues Safety? Opportunities: Remaining battery capacity at end of first life Increasing number of EV and consequently batteries Improved business case Improved sustainability Less dependence on raw materials Second life applications

12. Nonlinear aging 1 9 Ref: 1.Bach, T.C., et al., Nonlinear aging of cylindrical lithium-ion cells linked to heterogeneous compression. Journal of Energy Storage, 2016. 5: p. 212-223. 2.Spotnitz, R., Simulation of capacity fade in lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 2003. 113(1): p. 72-80. [1] Increasing aging rate close to the end of life [2] Systematic behaviour reported in literature But not always found

13. Nonlinear aging 2 10 Ref: 1.Bach, T.C., et al., Nonlinear aging of cylindrical lithium-ion cells linked to heterogeneous compression. Journal of Energy Storage, 2016. 5: p. 212-223. [3] Post-mortem analysis and X-ray CT (NMC: graphite) Role of heterogeneous aging triggered by differences in local compressions (local defect)

14. Nonlinear aging 3 11 Ref: 3.Dubarry, M., et al., Evaluation of commercial lithium-ion cells based on composite positive electrode for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle applications. Part II. Degradation mechanism under 2 C cycle aging. Journal of Power Sources, 2011. 196(23): p. 10336- 10343. [3] Two stages degradation (NMC: graphite) Loss of Lithium Inventory (LLI) Loss of Active Materials (LAM)

15. Calendar aging and role of temperature 12 Ref: 1.Neubauer, J., E. Wood, and A. Pesaran, A Second Life for Electric Vehicle Batteries: Answering Questions on Battery Degradation and Value. SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf, 2015. 8(2). 2.Sarasketa-Zabala, E., et al., Cycle ageing analysis of a LiFePO4/graphite cell with dynamic model validations: Towards realistic lifetime predictions. Journal of Power Sources, 2015. 275: p. 573-587. Q1 (Capacity fade due to calendar aging) 1) Semi-empirical model based on BLAST- V from NREL (NCA: graphite) 2) Semi-empirical model (LFP: graphite) cell data with dynamic model validation

16. SOH assessment 1 13 Ref: 1.Neubauer, J., E. Wood, and A. Pesaran, A Second Life for Electric Vehicle Batteries: Answering Questions on Battery Degradation and Value. SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf, 2015. 8(2). Capacity fade from automotive use and especially the Q1 (calendar aging) has a much larger impact on second use lifetime than resistance growth. The other way around calendar ageing is mostly controlled by capacity fade rather than power fade. Semi-empirical model based on BLAST-V from NREL (NCA: graphite) [1] First life automotive load profile Second life energy storage load profile

17. SOH assessment 2 14 Ref: 2.Schuster, S.F., et al., Nonlinear aging characteristics of lithium-ion cells under different operational conditions. Journal of Energy Storage, 2015. 1: p. 44-53. [2] Capacity loss related to rise of resistance and vice versa. (NMC: graphite).

18. SOH assessment 3 15 Ref: 3.Sarasketa-Zabala, E., et al., Cycle ageing analysis of a LiFePO4/graphite cell with dynamic model validations: Towards realistic lifetime predictions. Journal of Power Sources, 2015. 275: p. 573-587. [3] Nonlinear ageing behaviour and internal resistance clearly following the same tendency (LFP: graphite).

19. Modelling for performance/degradation 16 Empirical modelling [1,2] interpolating between or extrapolating from measured set of data. limited availability of data and unknown impact of accelerated tests Physics-based electrochemical modelling[3] complex and limited in scope, narrow range of operating conditions Ref: 1.Sarasketa-Zabala, E., et al., Cycle ageing analysis of a LiFePO4/graphite cell with dynamic model validations: Towards realistic lifetime predictions. Journal of Power Sources, 2015. 275: p. 573-587. 2.Neubauer, J., E. Wood, and A. Pesaran, A Second Life for Electric Vehicle Batteries: Answering Questions on Battery Degradation and Value. SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf, 2015. 8(2). 3.Safari, M. and C. Delacourt, Simulation-based analysis of aging phenomena in a commercial graphite/LiFePO4 cell. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2011. 158(12): p. A1436-A1447

20. Testing Procedure 17 Samples: aged LFP cells (From VUB) new LFP cells new LMO or NCA Definition of the testing matrix: Calendar aging and cycling tests Accelerated tests Parameters: Temperature, DOD, C-rate, SOC Testing protocol needs to be tuned to second use application

21. Open Questions ? 18 What application for the repurposed batteries? What SOH indicators for the Check and Test phase? +… role of EV cooling system, thermography analysis

22. Open Questions ? 19 HOW CAN THE PROJECT SUPPORT THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE SOH INDICATORS ? What modelling approach to use? How to deal with the role of non-linear heterogeneous aging triggered by local defects? How to consider the average battery temperature and calendar aging? How the Post mortem and non-destructive CT analysis may support cycling and calendar aging data?

23. Conclusions 19 SASLAB targets at a better understanding of sustainability of second life applications Availability of appropriate experimental and analytical capabilities Complementarity with on-going other projects and already available information

24. Thank you for the attention… Sustainability Assessment of Second Life Application of Automotive Batteries (SASLAB) 20