1. Piera Sapienza,Neutel 2011 KM3NeT 1 OUTLINE  Physics case & Main objectives  KM3NeT Design  Telescope performance  Conclusions 1

2. Piera Sapienza,Neutel 2011 KM3NeT: towards a km 3 -scale telescope in the MediterraneanSea  KM3NeT consortiumconsistsof 40 Europeaninstitutes, includingthose in Antares, Nemo and Nestor, from 10 countries (Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Rumania, Spain, U.K)  KM3NeT isincluded in the ESFRI and ASPERA roadmaps  KM3NeT Design Study(2006-2009) definedtelescope design and outlinedmaintechnologicaloptions  Approved and funded under the 6° EU Frame Program  Conceptual Design Report published in 2008 http://www.km3net.org/public.phphttp://www.km3net.org/public.php  Technical Design Report (TDR) completed => outline technology options for the construction, deployment and maintenance of a deep sea neutrino telescope http://www.km3net.org/KM3NeT-TDR.pdf http://www.km3net.org/KM3NeT-TDR.pdf  KM3NeT PreparatoryPhase (2008-2012) definesfinal design, production planesfor the detector elements and infrastructurefeatures. Prototypevalidationisunderway. Legal, governance and fundingaspects are alsounderstudy.  Approved and funded by EU under the 7° EU Frame Program 2

3. Piera Sapienza,Neutel 2011 Physics Case and Mainobjectives 3  Main physics goals  Origin of Cosmic Rays and Astrophisical sources  Galactic Candidate Sources (SNRs, Fermi Bubbles, microquasar,…)  Extragalactic Candidate Sources (AGN, GRB, …)  Telescope optimisation  “point sources” energy range 1 TeV-1 PeV  Implementation requirements  Construction time ≤5 years  Operation over at least 10 years without “major maintenance”  Cabled platform for deep-sea research (marine sciences)

4. Piera Sapienza,Neutel 2011 Sky viewof a MediterraneanSeatelescope 4 >75% >25%  KM3NeT coverage of most of the sky (87%) including the Galactic Centre FOV for up-going neutrinos shown From Mediterranean 24h per day visibility up to declination  ~ -50°

5. Piera Sapienza,Neutel 2011 TechnicalChallenges and Telescope Design  Technical design Objective: Build, deploy and operate a km3-scale 3D-array of photosensors connected to shore (power, slow control, data) @ 2500 – 5200 m depth undersea  Optical modules (OM)  Mechanical structures (DU)  Data transmission, information technology and electronics  Deep-sea infrastructure  Deployment  Calibration 5 Design rationale: Cost-effective Reliable Producible Easy to deploy Design rationale: Cost-effective Reliable Producible Easy to deploy Builds on the experience gained with ANTARES, NEMO and NESTOR

6. Piera Sapienza,Neutel 2011 Otherissuesaddressed in KM3NeT 6  Characterization of the candidate sites and single vs multi-site option  Measurements of optical properties and optical background, currents, sedimentation, …  Simulation of telescope performance  Earth and Sea science requirements (WPE)  Define the infrastructure needed to implement multidisciplinary science nodes EMSO is a ESFRI-PP project aiming at the constructionof a European network ofseafloormultidisciplinary observatories MediterraneanSeasites and infrastructuretechnologies are of common interest EMSO sites

7. Piera Sapienza,Neutel 2011 KM3NeT lay-out 7 Primary Junction box Secondary Junction boxes Detection Units Electro-optical cable OpticalModule (OM) = pressureresistant/tight spherecointainingphoto-multpliers Detection Unit (DU) = mechanicalstructure holding OMs, enviromentalsensors, electronics,… DU is the building block of the telescope  KM3NeT in numbers (full detector)  ~ 300 DU  20 storey/DU  ~ 40m storeyspacing  ~ 1 km DU height  ~ 180m DU distance  ~ 5 km 3 volume

8. Piera Sapienza,Neutel 2011 Design Study TDR - Detection Unit and OpticalModuleconcepts  TwodifferentoptionsforOMs and DUsreported in TDR 88 Flexible tower with horizontal bars equipped with large PMT OMs Slender string Vertical sequence of multi-PMT OMs PreparatoryPhase =>Convergency i.e. DU=Flexibletower, OM=Multi-PMT Prototype and validationactivitiescrucialforfinalchoise

9. Piera Sapienza,Neutel 2011 Detection Unit- FlexibleTowerMechanicalPrototype and validation 9  3D structure in a single DU (remove azimutal ambiguities => advantage at “low energy”)  Compact package (transportation) & Self unfurling from sea bed => easy logistics that speeds up and eases deployment  Connection to seabed network by Remotely Operated Vehicle A packed flexible tower Successful deployment test in February 2010

10. Piera Sapienza,Neutel 2011 OpticalModule - Multi-PMT 10  31 3” PMTs inside a 17” glass sphere with 31 bases (total ~140 mW)  Cooling shield and stem  First full prototype under test  Single vs multi-photon hit separation  Largerphotocade area per OM

11. Piera Sapienza,Neutel 2011 Electronics  Read-out SCOTT ASIC  Timeoverthresholdwithadjustablethresholds  Digitised output  Zero suppression  System on chip  FPGA for data buffering and formatting 11

12. Piera Sapienza,Neutel 2011 Data Network and data transmission  All data toshoreconcept (no trigger undersea)  Data transport on opticalfibers(data, slow control)  Opticalpoint-to-point connection toshore  DWDM technique =>minimizenumbersoffibers 12

13. Piera Sapienza,Neutel 2011 Final design, construction and validationofpre-productionmodelof the DU  DOMTOWER: 20 storey (DOMBAR), 40 mspacing  DOMBAR 6 m long with 2 multi-PMT OM (DOM)  PRO =>local 3D OM arrangement resolve ambiguities in the reconstruction of the muonazimuthal angle, compact transport and ease deployment procedure  Design optimisation in progress  Multi-PMT Optical Module  PRO=> Single vs multi-photon hit separation, better background rejection  Test plan for validation of technology ongoing  Deployment of first DU prototype planned beginning 2012 13

14. Piera Sapienza,Neutel 2011 DOMBAR Prototype–Storey - 14 6 m Mechanical Cable Connection Rope & Cable Storage Rope Storage Bar Frame Optical Module Mechanical Interface 2 DOM + 1 BAR = 1 DOMBAR 20 DOMBARS = DOMTOWER 8/9 March 2011NikhefDombar meeting

15. Piera Sapienza,Neutel 2011 DOMTOWER - Prototype– Packaging -  Very compact packaging =>integration in several production sites and transport on trucks, “easy” tobedeployed 15 8/9 March 2011NikhefDombar meeting

16. Piera Sapienza,Neutel 2011 KM3NeT performance 16 Quality Cuts applied (median0.2°@30TeV) Quality Cuts optimized for Point-like sensitivity E -2 Up-going neutrinos   rec      Results for “full detector” i.e. 310 DU (154x2 blocks), each DU made of 20 storeys  Total budget about 220M€

17. Piera Sapienza,Neutel 2011 Sensitivity & Discovery potential Full detector (154 DU x2blocks) 17 KM3NeT sensitivity 90%CL KM3NeT discovery 5  50% IceCube sensitivity 90%CL IceCube discovery 5  50% 2.5÷3.5 above sensitivity flux. (extrapolation from IceCube 40 string configuration) binned method unbinned method | Observed Galactic TeV-g sources (SNR, unidentified, microquazars) F. Aharonian et al. Rep. Prog. Phys. (2008) Abdo et al., MILAGRO, Astrophys. J. 658 L33-L36 (2007)  Galactic Centre 1year

18. Piera Sapienza,Neutel 2011 Galactic Candidate Sources – SNRs - OriginofCosmicRays => SNR paradigm, hintsfrom VHE  but no conclusive evidenceabout CR acceleration RXJ1713- 39.43 and Vela JR best candidates RXJ1713-39.43 IF hadronicmechanisms => spectrum can becalculatedfrom VHE  spectrum ( solidredline Vissani) Observation at 5  withinabout5yswith KM3NeT Hess RXJ1713-39.43

19. Piera Sapienza,Neutel 2011 Fermi LAT Observation – Fermi Bubbles -  From Meng Su, Tracy R. Slatyer, Douglas P. Finkbeiner Astrophys.J.724:1044-1082,2010 Large extension (50°lat. 40° long.) no spatial variation in the  spectrum

20. Piera Sapienza,Neutel 2011 Fermi BubblesDiscoverypotentialPreliminarycalculations(1 54 DU) 20  “… extended TeV  radiation surrounding the Galactic nucleus on similar size scales to the bubbles up to  E -2 F  (TeV) ~10 -9 TeV cm -1 s -1 sr -1...” M. Crocker and F. Haronian PRL106(2011)11102  “back envelope” estimate of flux if  =2 proton spectrum and 1 PeV cut-off assumed

21. Piera Sapienza,Neutel 2011 Project Timeline 21 ConstructionPhase can start in 2012 depending on funding…

22. Piera Sapienza,Neutel 2011 Concludingremarks 22  KM3NeT will cover mostof skywithunprecedentsensitivity =>PromisingGalactic Candidate Sources  KM3NeT-Preparatory Phaseongoing =>Final design and prototypingactivities in progress  Major impact also on the deep-seasciences  Technologicalsolutionsdevelopedby KM3NeT provide a uniqueopportunityfordeep-seasciencesallowinglong-term, realtime data taking. => Strong synergieswith the EMSO project  Collaborationwith INGV, IFREMER and HCMR alreadyactive at the Catania, Toulon and Pylossitesrespectively  MOU after KM3NeT-Preparatory PhasewithPrototypeImplementationExperimentprogram