1. Collapse of European Imperialism Unit 7 Section 4

2. Section Overview The years following immediately after World War II is when imperialism ended. India gained independence in 1947. African independence was achieved through bloody conflicts.

3. Indian Independence and Partition India began demanding independence in the 1800s Great Britain was the European country that controlled India during the period of imperialism Mohandas Gandhi (Salt March, Amritsar Massacre) 1947- India achieves independence Jawaharlal Nehru became India’s first Prime Minister

4. Muslim and Hindu Conflicts Majority of India were Hindu Muslims were the minority There was a fight that broke out between Hindus and Muslims in 1947 Great Britain decided to draw borders- Hindu people live in India Muslim people live in Pakistan Even the separation did not bring peace Millions of people were killed duing the fight

5. Indian Government and Foreign Policy India has the world’s largest democracy India’s government was divided between a strong central government and smaller local governments Several ethnic and religious conflicts Indira Gandhi became Prime Minister for India in 1966 She was assisinated in 1984 Her son took over being Prime Minister and was also assassinated

6. Nonalignment During the period of the Cold War, India followed a period of nonalignment Accepted help from both capitalist and socialist countries

7. Caste System Caste System is a system of social stratification Mohandas Gandhi wanted to end harsh treatment of the caste of the Untouchables 1950- India banned discrimination of the Untouchables Government began giving jobs to the Untouchables

8. India’s Status for Women India’s Constitution in 1950 gave women rights Women gained the right to vote and the right to divorce

9. Sikhism Sikhism religion began in India- blend of Hinduism and Islam Sikhism wanted self-rule Expressed their demands at the Golden Temple of Amritsar India’s Prime Minister was against Sikhism taking over Sikhs killed the Prime Minister

10. African Independence

11. Independent Nations in Africa Pan-Africanism- nationalist movement in Africa which began in 1920 Many Africans were involved on the European side of World War II Atlantic Charter- a document that was set up by the United States and Britain for Africa to have self-determination

12. Ghana Was a British colony Leader of independence: Kwame Nkrumah Nkrumah used strikes and boycotts to battle against the British Organization of African Unity (OAU)- ended colonialism in Africa

13. Kenya It was a British colony under imperialism Jomo Kenyatta was the spokesperson to help the country gain independence Avidly tried to get Europeans out of their land Used violence British jailed Kenyatta 1963- he became the first Prime Minister of an independent Kenya

14. Issues at the End of Colonialism Africa had to rebuild industry and improve agriculture Countries had to borrow money Food production fell and many countries fell into rural poverty

15. Economic Links with Europe Africa suffered trading patterns Problem: Europeans (during imperialism) created colonial economies that depended on the export of raw materials and the import of manufactured goods Prices fell, economies were devastated

16. Ethnic Tensions and Nationalism Borders in Africa were established by the Europeans Some ethnicities were separated into different nations Nigeria- tribalism- led to civil war and had over 200 ethnicities Tribalism- led to civil war- Nigeria: Muslim Husa and Fulani people fought against Christian Ibo and Yoruba people 1966- massacre of 20,000 Ibo took place Hausa dominated Ibo declared it independent Nigeria was in civil war for several years

17. Rwanda Genocide Ethnic tensions 1994 85%- Hutu 14% Tutsi Hutus attacked the Tutsi’s 500,000 people killed Tutsi’s were not allowed to govern according to the Hutu.

18. End of Apartheid Britain controlled South Africa Define Apartheid Apartheid Movements: African National Congress (ANC): Organized in South Africa; used violence and protests to demonstrate being against apartheid Nelson Mandela- was sentenced to life in prison for being against apartheid. He gained freedom and became the president of South Africa

19. Other Individuals who fought for African Independence Desmond Tutu- used nonviolence to protest the Europeans; told people to limit trade F.W. de Klerk- President of South Afirca in 1989- legalized the ANC and repealed segregation laws and released Nelson Mandela. South Africa held open and free elections in 1994

20. Truth and Reconciliation South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)- dealt with the violence and human rights violations Goal was to resolve the wrong doings the government did

21. Difficult Struggles in Southeast Asia Southeast Asians fought against foreign imperialist powers to gain their freedom Southeast Asian countries also dealt with civil wars

22. Vietnam Vietnam was ruled by the French since the mid-1800s. During WWII- Vietnam fought against Japanese France wanted to continue to have control of Vietnam but failed Ho Chi Minh- declared Vietnam free from French control 1954- Geneva Conference- separated Vietnam into North and South- North: Communist and South: non-communist.

23. Vietnam War 1956: Elections were to take place in Vietnam to unite Vietnam South Vietnam, led by Ngo Dinh Diem did not want the elections because it did not want Communism Ho Chi Minh- part of the Vietcong (Communism) US sent troops to back Diem’s army Vietnam War lasted from 1959-1975 1969- US sent troops in to back South Vietnam South Vietnam and US troops could not withstand Communism President Nixon withdrew troops from Vietnam Saigon (capital) fell in 1975

24. Cambodia Supported North Vietnam 1969- American forces bombed and invaded Cambodia to destroy Communism Communism rose even more in Cambodia Led by Pol Pot Khmer Rouge (communist political party) Cambodians were sent to “killing fields”

25. Myanmar Originally known as Burma British possession in the 1800s 1900s- gains independence Poor country Ethnic tensions Election of 1991: Aung San Suu Kyi won but the military rejected the results 2012- new parliamentary election