2. Verbs A word that expresses action or a state of being and is necessary to make a sentence.

3. Action Verbs Tell what someone or something does Come in the following sentence patterns: Subject-Verb Subject-Verb-Direct Object Subject-Verb-Indirect Object-Direct Object Subject-Verb-Direct Object-Object Complement

4. Practice Write a sentence for each of the 4 action verb patterns.

5. Samples S-V The rooster crowed. S-V-DO The rooster woke the hens. S-V-IO-DO The child gave his mother a kiss. S-V-DO-OC The farmer called his dog Hector.

6. Action verbs may be transitive or intransitive. Transitive comes from the Latin “trans” meaning “across” and “eo” meaning “to go,” so transitive verbs carry meaning across from a verb to a direct object. Intransitive means “not” transitive, so a verb that is intransitive does not have a direct object. To find a direct object, remember to ask the following: Verb + Whom/what= direct object

7. Linking verbs Link or join the subject to the complement. Come in the following sentence patterns: Subject-Linking Verb-Predicate Nominative Subject-Linking Verb-Predicate Adjective Possible linking verbs: the being verb, appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem sound smell, stay, and taste (Test: replace the verb with “was” or “were”; if it makes sense, the original verb is a linking verb.)

8. Practice Give an example of each of the linking verb patterns

9. Samples The goat is a male. The goat is hungry.

10. Verb Phrase Helping verbs + Main Verb=Verb Phrase Helping verbs: am, is are, was, were, being, been, has, have, had, having, can, could, do, does, did, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would The last word in the verb phrase is the main verb. Sue has been climbing the tree.

11. Principal Parts of Verbs Base form(e.g. break) Present Participle(e.g. breaking) Past form(e.g. broke) Past Participle(e.g. broken)

12. Regular Verb Forms its principal parts by adding -ed. e.g. jump, jumping, jumped, jumped e.g. climb, climbing, climbed, climbed e.g. play, playing, played, played

13. Irregular Verbs Form their principal parts in various ways Memorize the principal parts or look them up in the dictionary. e.g. keep, keeping, kept, kept e.g. choose, choosing, chose, chosen

14. Voice: Active or Passive If a verb is in the active voice, the subject will be doing the action of that verb. (e.g. The student studied her notes.) If a verb is in the passive voice, the subject is acted upon (i.e. not doing the action). (e.g. The notes were reviewed by the student.)

15. Verb tenses help show time. Simple System Present tense-- happening now Past tense--happened earlier Future tense--hasn’t happened yet Perfect System Perfect tense--an action that happened at some indefinite time in the past Past Perfect--as far into the past as we can express Future Perfect--an incomplete action that will be completed by a certain deadline

16. Present System: Present Tense Active voice Subject Pronoun+Base form “choose” (singular) 1st person: I choose 2nd person: you choose 3rd person: he, she, it chooses (plural) 1st person: we choose 2nd person: you choose 3rd person: they choose

17. Present System: Past Tense Active Voice Subject Pronoun + Past form (singular) 1st person: I chose 2nd person: you chose 3rd person: he, she, it, or a (noun) chose (plural) 1st person: we chose 2nd person: you chose 3rd person: they (noun) chose

18. Present System: Future Tense Active Voice Subject Pronoun + shall/will+ base form (singular) 1st person: I shall choose 2nd person: you will choose 3rd person: he, she, it (noun) will choose (plural) 1st person: we shall choose 2nd person: you will choose 3rd person: they (noun) will choose

19. Review of simple tense system-- Active voice Present tense= pronoun + base Past tense= pronoun + past Future tense= pronoun + shall/will + base

20. Present Tense Passive Voice Present Tense Passive Voice= Pronoun + present tense being verb + past participle (singular) 1st person: I am chosen 2nd person: you are chosen 3rd person: he, she, it (or noun)is chosen (plural) 1st person: we are chosen 2nd person: you are chosen 3rd person: they (or noun) are chosen

21. Past Tense Passive Voice Pronoun + past tense being verb + past participle (singular) 1st person: I was chosen 2nd person: you were chosen 3rd person: he, she, it (or noun) was chosen (plural) 1st person: we were chosen 2nd person: you were chosen 3rd person: they (or noun) were chosen

22. Future Tense Passive Voice Pronoun + shall/will + be + past participle (singular) 1st person: I shall be chosen 2nd person: you will be chosen 3rd person: he, she, it (or noun) will be chosen (plural) 1st person: we shall be chosen 2nd person: you will be chosen 3rd person: they (or noun) will be chosen

23. Review of the Simple System Passive Voice Present Tense Passive Voice= Pronoun + present tense being verb + past participle Past Tense Passive Voice= Pronoun + past tense being verb + past participle Future Tense Passive Voice= Pronoun + future tense being verb + past participle