3. Trace the reasons that the wartime alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union unraveled. Explain how President Truman responded to Soviet aggression in Eastern Europe. Describe the causes and results of Stalin’s blockade of Berlin.

5. The rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union will led to many proxy wars. A proxy war is a conflict between two nations where neither country directly engages the other. There was never a direct military engagement between the US and the Soviet Union. Tensions lasted until the break up of the Soviet Union in the early 1990’s. Greek Civil War Truman Doctrine Greek Civil War Truman Doctrine Berlin Blockade 1948-1949 Korean War 1950-1953 Vietnam War 1954-1975 Cuba Missile Crisis 1962 Containment

6. The United State and the Soviet Union had been united only in their opposition to Hitler and Nazism. Beyond that, they had little in common. Capitalist democracy vs. Dictatorship Communism

7. The Cold war tension started between:

9. Food for the state before food for an individual and their family Confiscating hidden grain

14. Gulag Siberia: Annual average temperature about 0 °C (32 °F) and roughly −15 °C With a lowest record temperature of −96.2 °F has the distinction of being the coldest town on Earth.

16. The U.S. was furious that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin had been an ally of Hitler for a time. The leaders of capitalists countries believed that communism would eventually spread and that it should be controlled. Stalin was upset that the U.S. had kept its development of the atomic bomb a secret. The Soviet leaders believed that capitalists countries would eventually try to destroy them.

18. Soviet troops already occupied much of Eastern Europe and parts of Germany. Stalin wanted to keep Germany weak and divided. He also wanted Eastern Europe to remain under the control of the Soviet Union. Stalin agreed to establish “broadly representative” governments and free elections in Eastern Europe. Despite Stalin’s promises, nearly all of the lands occupied in the spring of 1945 remained under Soviet control. The Eastern Europe countries of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria became satellite states controlled by the Soviet Union.

20. Why was the Cold War a proxy war? It was a conflict between the U.S. and Soviet Union where neither country directly engaged the other.

21. What was decided at the Yalta Conference? Germany was split into four and occupied.

22. What promise did Stalin break in Eastern Europe? He promised to hold free, democratic elections but created satellite nations.

23. President Truman was not the only world leader who believed that Stalin had aspirations toward world domination. On March 5, 1946, Winston Churchill in a speech declared, “An iron curtain has descended across the continent.” The phrase “iron curtain” came to stand for the division of Europe. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDwdQJjxkQk

26. After WWII, a number of European and Asian countries were struggling against communist movements supported by the Soviets. In particular the governments of Greece and Turkey were communists forces seeking to gain control. Greece and Turkey needed aid in 1947 and the U.S. was the only country with the resources to help them.

27. Remember, Truman’s “Gree-cey” Turkey President Truman addressed both houses of Congress describing the situation of the Greek and Turkish people. The fight they were waging, he said, was the fight that all free people had to confront. He warned, the fall of a nation to communism could lead its neighbors into communism as well. Congress responded by voting to give $400 million in aid to Turkey and Greece. Truman promises to aid nations struggling against communist movements became known as the Truman Doctrine.

28. How did the Truman Doctrine change the U.S.’s foreign policy? U.S. was not retreating into isolationism- it was offering aid to countries struggling against communism

29. In July 1947, an article by George Kennan, an American diplomat and leading authority on the Soviet Union wrote an article about Soviet Conduct. His article presented an idea for American policy that became known as containment. Its goal was to keep communism contained within its existing borders with American economic, political, and military power.

30. The containment policy’s first great success was in western Europe. After WWII, people there were faced with severe shortages of food, fuel, medical supplies, as well as brutal cold winters. In this desperate environment of need George Marshall, Secretary of State, revealed a plan for both economic and foreign policy. It helped countries that desperately needed assistance and may have been looking at communism and stimulate trade.

32. What were two reason for the Marshall Plan? 1. Give cash to help war-torn countries rebuild and trade. 2. Stop the spread of communism.

33. U.S., Great Britain, and France decided to merge their zones to form West Germany. They also allowed the Germans to have their own government. West Berlin was also merged and became part of West Germany. The Soviets still controlled what became known as East Germany. Remember, Germany had been split into four sections controlled by the U.S., Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. The capital, Berlin, was also split into four sections between the four countries. Notice where Berlin is located. Do you see any problems?

34. Stalin was determined to capture West Berlin, in June 1948, he stopped all highway, railway, and waterway traffic from western Germany into West Berlin. Without any way to receive aid, West Berlin would fall to the communists. Stalin could not block the air though. For nearly one year, the U.S. and Great Britain flew in food, fuel, medical supplies, clothing, toys, and anything needed was air flown into the city. Stalin was forced to acknowledge his attempt to blockade Berlin failed in May 1949. During the Berlin airlift, nearly one allied plane took off or landed in West Berlin every 30 seconds.

35. First Lieutenant Gail Halvorsen, USAF, became famous for “Operation Little Vittles.” He rigged miniature parachutes with American candy bars and gum and then dropped the parachutes over Berlin for German children to retrieve.

36. The Berlin airlift demonstrated that Stalin could be contained if Western nations were prepared to take forceful actions. In April of 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO, formed. Twelve western Europe and North American nations agreed to act together in the defense of western Europe. They had a principle of mutual military assistance.

38. How were the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and NATO all similar in their goals? They were all created in reaction to Soviet communism and stop it from spreading