1. Cell Organelles The function

2. What is an organelle? A specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell. Also means tiny organ

3. Cell Membrane Description/Function -thin, flexible barrier around the cell -controls what goes into and comes out of the cell (selectively permeable) -interlocking surfaces bind cells together -made up of proteins within a lipid bilayer In both Plant and Animal Cells

4. Cell Membrane-Phospholipid Bilayer- Plasma Membrane (we will go into more detail on the cell membrane next week)

5. Nucleus Discovered and term coined by Robert Brown Description/Function: – Large structure that contains the cell’s genetic material and controls the cell’s activities Found in both plant and animal cells (in all eukaryotic cells)

6. Nuclear Membrane/Nuclear Envelope Description/Function – A double membrane with pores that allows materials to enter and exit the nucleus. Found in both plant and animal cells (in all eukaryotic cells)

7. Nucleolus Description/Function: – Non-membrane bound structure within the nucleus that is made up of protein and nucleic acids. – Where rRNA is transcribed and assembled (rRNA is a component of all ribosomes and assists in making amino acids) Found in both plant and animal cells (in all eukaryotic cells)

8. Chromatin Description/Function – Found inside the nucleus and made up of DNA. Chromatin coils up to form chromosomes during cell reproduction Found in plant and animal cells

9. Cytoplasm Description/Function – Jelly-like structure in which all organelles, not including the nucleus, are situated within the cell (about 80% water) – All cellular processes/reactions occur here Found in both plant and animal cells

10. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) There are two types Smooth ER and Rough ER (ribosomes are attached) Description/Function: – ER is an internal membrane system in which cell membrane components are assembled and some proteins are modified (performed by Rough ER) – Smooth ER (SER) acts as a storage organelle. It is important in the creation and storage of lipids and steroids. Found in both plant and animal cells. (3) Rough ER (4) Smooth ER (5) Ribosomes (6) Proteins (8) Golgi Body

11. Endoplasmic Reticulum – Smooth ER (SER) acts as a storage organelle. It is important in the creation and storage of lipids and steroids. Both the smooth and rough ER are found in both plant and animal cells.

12. Golgi Body/ Golgi Apparatus Description/Function: – Stack of membranes that attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins. Used to modify, sort, and package (into lysosomes) the macromolecules to be secreted by the cell. Found in both plants and animals. (3) Rough ER (4) Smooth ER (5) Ribosomes (6) Proteins (8) Golgi Body

13. Lysosomes Description/Function – Small organelles that are filled with enzymes. One function is to break down (digest) lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from food into particles that can be used by the rest of the cell. – Also, help breaking down organelles that have outlived their usefulness to remove debris from the cell. Found in animal cells only

14. Ribosomes Description/Function – Small particles of RNA and protein. They produce proteins following coded instructions that come from the nucleus (“protein factories”). There are thousands of these in the cell (about 25% of cell’s mass). – Two kinds: stationary (embedded on Rough ER) mobile (injects protein directly into cytoplasm) – Found in both animal and plant cells

15. Mitochondria (a.k.a. “Powerhouse” of the Cell) Description/Function – Second largest organelle with unique genetic structure – Double-layered outer membrane with inner folds call cristae – Energy producing chemical reactions take place on cristae – Controls level of water and materials in cell – Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates – Forms urea Found in both plant and animal cells

16. Cytoskeleton Description/Function – Network of protein filaments (microtubules-shape and microfilaments-movement) that helps the cell maintain its shape – Also involved in many forms of cell movement, cytokinesis, and organization of organelles Found in both plant and animal cells

17. Cilia Description/Function – Part of the cytoskeleton – Short appendages (hairlike projections) that assist with movement (especially in protists) Very rarely found in plant cells, present in animal cells Example: human windpipe

18. Flagella Description/Function – Longer, less common appendages that aid in movement (found in protists, bacteria, some animal cells) Sometimes found in both plants and animals Example: sperm

19. Cell Wall Description/Function – Located outside of the cell membrane and made mostly of cellulose (plant carbohydrate), but contains some protein – Gives support and protection to the cell Found only in plant cells (also in fungi, algae, and most prokaryotes). NOT in animal cells.

20. Vacuole Description/Function – Storage vesicle (saclike structure) for water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates – Most plants have a single, large, central vacuole filled with liquids (used for support). This places pressure on the cell and makes it possible for plants to support heavy structures such as leaves and flowers. Found mainly in plants. In animal cells it is small or non-existent (vesicles are like vacuoles, but used for transporting substances)

21. Chloroplast One of the many types of plastids. Description/Function – Double-bound membrane structure surrounds it, and has stacks of photosynthetic membranes inside. Contains its own DNA. – Uses energy from sunlight to make energy-rich food molecules for plants in the process of photosynthesis. Found in plant cells (not in animal cells)

22. Organelle DNA Mitochondria & Chloroplasts have their own DNA, separate from the eukaryote’s DNA and closer to bacterial DNA. These small DNA molecules control the normal functions of each organelle Reason: thought that prokaryotic organisms (ancestors of these organelles) formed relationships with early eukaryotic cells. These relationships were mutualistic (beneficial) to both cells, and over time became a part of the eukaryotic cell.

23. (1) nucleolus (2) nucleus (3) ribosome (4) vesicle (5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (6) Golgi apparatus (7) Cytoskeleton (8) smooth ER (9) mitochondria (10) vacuole (11) cytoplasm (12) lysosome (13) centriolesnucleolusribosomevesicleendoplasmic reticulumGolgi apparatusCytoskeletonsmooth ERmitochondriavacuolecytoplasmlysosomecentrioles Animal Cell

24. Plant Cell