1. Signal transduction

2. General scheme

3. There are two general types of receptors: cell-surface and intracellular receptors

4. Examples of hormones that act through intracellular receptors

5. Signal transduction through intracellular receptors

6. Signal transduction through cell-surface receptors

7. G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS (HEPTAHELICAL, GPCR)

10. Epinephrine activates G-protein- coupled receptor

11. cAMP formation and breakdown

12. Targets of protein kinase A (PKA)

13. G-protein activation and self- inactivation

14. Some toxins cause modification of G- proteins

15. Second messengers cAMP and cGMP Calcium (Ca 2+ ) IP3 (inositol-triphosphate)

16. One of the reasons for complexity of signal transduction pathways

17. Hormones that use cAMP as second messenger

18. RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES

20. Growth factor signalling pathway

21. Usually each receptor is connected to more than one signalling pathways Insulin: -Gene expression

22. Insulin: gene expression

23. Insulin: enzymes activation

24. TYROSINE KINASES AND CANCER

25. Constitutive receptor activation

26. Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors

27. DOMAIN STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS THAT PARTICIPATE IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

29. Example of real pathway that regulates actin rearrangement