1. Reliable multicast Tolerates process crashes. The additional requirements are: Only correct processes will receive multicasts from all correct processes in the group. Multicasts by faulty processes will be received either by every correct process, or by none at all.

2. A theorem on reliable multicast In an asynchronous distributed system, total order reliable multicasts cannot be implemented when even a single process undergoes a crash failure. Why? Since it will violate the FLP impossibility result.

3. Scalable Reliable Multicast IP multicast or application layer multicast has to detect the loss of messages and use retransmission for achieving reliability. For large groups (like distance learning applications) scalability is a major problem.

4. Scalable Reliable Multicast Difficult to scale: Sender state explosion Message implosion State: receiver 1, receiver 2, … receiver n

5. Scalable Reliable Multicast If omission failures are rare, then receivers will only report the non- receipt of messages using NACK, It only triggers selective point- to-point retransmission. The reduction of acknowledgements is the underlying principle of Scalable Reliable Multicasts (SRM). If several members of a group fail to receive a message, then each such member waits for a random period of time before sending its NACK. This helps to suppress redundant NACKs. Sender multicasts the missing copy only once.

6. Dealing with open groups Processes may join or leave an open group. Life will be simpler, if everyone has a consistent view of the current membership. (view = current membership) What problems can arise if members do not have identical views?

7. Membership service A group membership service looks after the following: Joining and leaving groups. Updating all members about the latest view of the group Failure detection

8. Dealing with open groups Views should propagate in the same order to all. Example. Current view v0(g) = {0, 1, 2, 3}. Let 1, 2 leave and 4 join the group concurrently. This view change can be serialized in many ways: {0,1,2,3}, {0,1,3} {0,3,4}, OR {0,1,2,3}, {0,2,3}, {0,3}, {0,3,4}, OR {0,1,2,3}, {0,3}, {0,3,4} Send these changes by total order multicast.

9. View propagation {Process 0}: v 0 (g); v 0 (g) = {0.1,2,3}, send m1,... ; v 1 (g); send m2, send m3; v 1 (g) = {0,1,3}, v 2 (g) ; {Process 1}: v 2 (g) = {0,3,4} v 0 (g); send m4, send m5; v 1 (g); send m6; v 2 (g)...;

10. View-synchronous communication With respect to each message, all correct processes have the same view. m sent in view V  m received in view V

11. View delivery guidelines If a process j joins and thereafter continues its membership in a group g that already contains a process i, then eventually j appears in all views delivered by process i. If a process j permanently leaves a group g that contains a process i, then eventually j is excluded from all views delivered by process i.

12. View-synchronous communication Agreement. If a correct process k delivers a message m in v i (g ) before delivering the next view v i+1 (g), then every correct process j  v i (g)  v i+1 (g) must deliver m before delivering v i+1 (g). Integrity. If a process j delivers a view v i (g ), then v i (g ) must include j. Validity. If a process k delivers a message m in view v i (g) and another process j  v i (g) does not deliver that message m, then the next view v i+1 (g) delivered by k must exclude j.

13. Example Let process 1 deliver m and then crash. Possibility 1. No one delivers m, but each delivers the new view {0,2,3}. Possibility 2. Processes 0, 2, 3 deliver m and then deliver the new view {0,2,3} Possibility 3. Processes 2, 3 deliver m and then deliver the new view {0,2,3} but process 0 first delivers the view {0,2,3} and then delivers m. Are these acceptable? 0 1 2 3 {0,1,2,3}{0,2,3} m m m

14. Overview of Transis Group communication system developed by Danny Dolev at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Deals with open group Supports scalable reliable multicast Tolerates network partition

15. Overview of Transis IP multicast (or ethernet LAN) used to support high bandwidth multicast. Acks are piggybacked and message loss is detected transparently, leading to selective retransmission The sequence of messages P 1, P 2, p 2 Q 1, Q 2, q 3 R 1, … received by a member i  {P,Q,R,S} shows the recipient did not receive the message Q3.

16. Overview of Transis Causal mode (maintains causal order) Agreed mode (maintains total order that does not conflict with the causal order) Safe mode (Delivers a message only when the lower levels of the system have acknowledged its reception at all the destination machines. All messages are delivered relative to a safe message)

17. Overview of Transis Each partition assumes that the machines in the other partition have failed, and maintains consistency within its own partition only. After repair, consistency is restored in the entire system. Dealing with partition

18. Replication Improves reliability Improves availability ( What good is a reliable system if it is not available?) Replication must be transparent and create the illusion of a single copy.

19. Updating replicated data F AliceBob F’F’ ’ BobAlice Update and consistency are primary issues.

20. Passive replication At most one replica can be the primary server Each client maintains a variable L (leader) that specifies the replica to which it will send requests. Requests are queued at the primary server. Backup servers ignore client requests. primary backup clients

21. Primary-backup protocol Receive. Receive the request from the client and update the state if appropriate. Broadcast. Broadcast an update of the state to all other replicas. Reply. Send a response to the client. reqreply update client primary backup ?

22. Primary-backup protocol If the client fails to get a response due the crash of the primary, then the request is retransmitted until a backup is promoted to the primary, Failover time is the duration when there is no primary server. reqreply update client primary backup ?