1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 5 The Skeletal System

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Skeletal System  Parts of the skeletal system  Bones (skeleton)  Joints  Cartilages  Ligaments  Two subdivisions of the skeleton  Axial skeleton  Appendicular skeleton

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functions of Bones  Support the body  Protect soft organs  Allow movement due to attached skeletal muscles  Store minerals and fats  Blood cell formation

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Human Body  The adult skeleton has 206 bones  Two basic types of bone tissue  Compact bone  Homogeneous  Spongy bone  Small needle-like pieces of bone  Many open spaces Figure 5.2b

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones (1 of 4)  Long bones  Typically longer than they are wide  Have a shaft with heads at both ends  Contain mostly compact bone  Example :  Femur  Humerus

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Figure 5.1a

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones (2 of 4)  Short bones  Generally cube-shape  Contain mostly spongy bone  Example :  Carpals  Tarsals

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Figure 5.1b

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones (3 of 4)  Flat bones  Thin, flattened, and usually curved  Two thin layers of compact bone surround a layer of spongy bone  Example :  Skull  Ribs  Sternum

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Figure 5.1c

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones (4 of 4)  Irregular bones  Irregular shape  Do not fit into other bone classification categories  Example :  Vertebrae  Hip bones

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Figure 5.1d

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone  Diaphysis  Shaft  Composed of compact bone  Epiphysis  Ends of the bone  Composed mostly of spongy bone

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone Figure 5.2a

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone  Periosteum  Outside covering of the diaphysis  Fibrous connective tissue membrane  Sharpey’s fibers  Secure periosteum to underlying bone  Arteries  Supply bone cells with nutrients

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone Figure 5.2c

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone  Articular cartilage  Covers the external surface of the epiphyses  Made of hyaline cartilage  Decreases friction at joint surfaces

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone  Epiphyseal plate  Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone  Epiphyseal line  Remnant of the epiphyseal plate  Seen in adult bones

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone Figure 5.2a

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone  Medullary cavity  Cavity inside of the shaft  Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults  Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Markings Table 5.1 (1 of 2)

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Markings Table 5.1 (2 of 2)

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone  Osteon (Haversian system)  A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings  Central (Haversian) canal  Opening in the center of an osteon  Carries blood vessels and nerves  Perforating (Volkman’s) canal  Canal perpendicular to the central canal  Carries blood vessels and nerves

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Figure 5.3a

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone  Lacunae  Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)  Arranged in concentric rings  Lamellae  Rings around the central canal  Sites of lacunae

27. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Figure 5.3b–c

28. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone  Canaliculi  Tiny canals  Radiate from the central canal to lacunae  Form a transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply

29. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Figure 5.3b

30. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4a Bone starting to replace cartilage Epiphyseal plate cartilage Articular cartilage Spongy bone In a childIn a fetusIn an embryo New bone forming Growth in bone width Growth in bone length Epiphyseal plate cartilage New bone forming Blood vessels Hyaline cartilage New center of bone growth Medullary cavity Bone collar Hyaline cartilage model (a)

31. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Bone Cells  Osteocytes—mature bone cells  Osteoblasts—bone-forming cells  Osteoclasts—bone-destroying cells  Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium in response to parathyroid hormone  Bone remodeling is performed by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

32. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Fractures  Fracture—break in a bone  Types of bone fractures  Closed (simple) fracture—break that does not penetrate the skin  Open (compound) fracture—broken bone penetrates through the skin  Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization

33. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Common Types of Fractures Table 5.2

34. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 5 The Skeletal System

35. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Axial Skeleton  Forms the longitudinal axis of the body  Divided into three parts  Skull  Vertebral column  Bony thorax

36. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Axial Skeleton Figure 5.6a

37. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Axial Skeleton Figure 5.6b

38. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Skull  Two sets of bones  Cranium  Facial bones  Bones are joined by sutures  Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint

39. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Skull, Lateral View Figure 5.7

40. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Skull, Superior View Figure 5.8

41. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Skull, Inferior View Figure 5.9

42. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Skull, Anterior View Figure 5.11

43. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Paranasal Sinuses  Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity  Functions of paranasal sinuses  Lighten the skull  Give resonance and amplification to voice

44. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Paranasal Sinuses Figure 5.10a

45. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Paranasal Sinuses Figure 5.10b

46. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Hyoid Bone  The only bone that does not articulate with another bone  Serves as a moveable base for the tongue  Aids in swallowing and speech

47. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Hyoid Bone Figure 5.12

48. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 5 The Skeletal System

49. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Fetal Skull  The fetal skull is large compared to the infant’s total body length  Fontanels—fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones that have yet to be converted to bone  Allow the brain to grow  Convert to bone within 24 months after birth

50. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Fetal Skull Figure 5.13a

51. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Fetal Skull Figure 5.13b

52. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Spine!

53. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Vertebral Column  Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location  There are 24 single vertebral bones separated by intervertebral discs  Seven cervical vertebrae are in the neck  Twelve thoracic vertebrae are in the chest region  Five lumbar vertebrae are associated with the lower back

54. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Vertebral Column  Nine vertebrae fuse to form two composite bones  Sacrum  Coccyx

55. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Vertebral Column Figure 5.14

56. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Vertebral Column  The spine has a normal curvature  Primary curvatures are the spinal curvatures of the thoracic and sacral regions  Present from birth  Secondary curvatures are the spinal curvatures of the cervical and lumbar regions  Develop after birth

57. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Vertebral Column Figure 5.15

58. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Vertebral Column Figure 5.16

59. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Typical Vertebrae, Superior View Figure 5.17

60. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae Figure 5.18a

61. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae Figure 5.18b

62. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae Figure 5.18c

63. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae Figure 5.18d

64. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sacrum and Coccyx  Sacrum  Formed by the fusion of five vertebrae  Coccyx  Formed from the fusion of three to five vertebrae  “Tailbone,” or remnant of a tail that other vertebrates have

65. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sacrum and Coccyx Figure 5.19

66. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Bony Thorax  Forms a cage to protect major organs  Consists of three parts  Sternum  Ribs  True ribs (pairs 1–7)  False ribs (pairs 8–12)  Floating ribs (pairs 11–12)  Thoracic vertebrae

67. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Bony Thorax Figure 5.20a