1. Date of download: 9/17/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. Simplified ray-tracing diagram for a biaxial monostatic lidar. (a) General view. In emission, L represents the laser, θ is the laser divergence (half angle). In reception, AB¯ represents a telescope, r0 is the telescope radius, and F is the telescope focal plane coincident with the detector plane, D. Others: O1O2¯ is a fictitious mirror representing an atmospheric target plane at a distance R from the lidar, d0 is the laser-to-telescope axis separation, and δ is the laser-to-telescope tilting angle. (b) Detail of (a). The image of the atmospheric cross section O1O2¯ gives rise to a confusion circle at the telescope focal plane, F. O1′ and O2′ are the image points of O1 and O2. y1′ to y4′, respectively, represent the ordinates of rays O1B¯, O2B¯, O1A¯, and O2A¯ at the focal plane (primes denote ‘image plane’). Figure Legend: From: Determination of the overlap factor and its enhancement for medium-size tropospheric lidar systems: a ray-tracing approach J. Appl. Remote Sens. 2013;7(1):073591-073591. doi:10.1117/1.JRS.7.073591

2. Date of download: 9/17/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. Image of the atmospheric cross section O1O2¯ at the focal plane of the telescope (XY plane, label F in Fig. 1). (Dark-gray circles) Circles of confusion associated to the atmospheric target point O [Fig. 1(a)] for distances R′>R, laser divergence θ=0, and laser-to- telescope tilting angle δ. (Light-gray circles) Circles of confusion associated to the atmospheric cross-section O1O2¯ [Fig. 1(a)] for R′>R, laser divergence θ>0, and laser-to-telescope tilting angle δ. (Circle with stripped lines) Detector area. y and y′ are the ordinates of the center of the circles from the telescope optical axis. Figure Legend: From: Determination of the overlap factor and its enhancement for medium-size tropospheric lidar systems: a ray-tracing approach J. Appl. Remote Sens. 2013;7(1):073591-073591. doi:10.1117/1.JRS.7.073591

3. Date of download: 9/17/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. Graphical interpretation of the overlap factor for a biaxial lidar system (simplification of uniform laser irradiance at the target plane). (a) Case of a misaligned lidar system. (b) Case of a well-aligned system, Eq. (8). Figure Legend: From: Determination of the overlap factor and its enhancement for medium-size tropospheric lidar systems: a ray-tracing approach J. Appl. Remote Sens. 2013;7(1):073591-073591. doi:10.1117/1.JRS.7.073591

4. Date of download: 9/17/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. Insertion of a field lens in the telescope focal plane. L1 is the telescope objective lens, L2 is the field lens at the telescope focal plane (F1), D is the detector/fiber end, and F2 and F2′, respectively, represent the field lens object and image focii. A′B′¯ represents the image of the telescope aperture AB¯ on the detector/fiber surface. Figure Legend: From: Determination of the overlap factor and its enhancement for medium-size tropospheric lidar systems: a ray-tracing approach J. Appl. Remote Sens. 2013;7(1):073591-073591. doi:10.1117/1.JRS.7.073591

5. Date of download: 9/17/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. Determination of the OVF using a Gaussian test disk. The test disk is located at the target range R. AB¯ represents the telescope aperture lens, ϕ is the field of view, and D is the detector. Figure Legend: From: Determination of the overlap factor and its enhancement for medium-size tropospheric lidar systems: a ray-tracing approach J. Appl. Remote Sens. 2013;7(1):073591-073591. doi:10.1117/1.JRS.7.073591

6. Date of download: 9/17/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. Simulated OVF for f/10 and f/11 telescopes (Table 1). Rovf corresponds to the starting range of full overlap (Fig. 3). For the f/11 case, Rovf is beyond the simulation range (Rovf>5 km). Figure Legend: From: Determination of the overlap factor and its enhancement for medium-size tropospheric lidar systems: a ray-tracing approach J. Appl. Remote Sens. 2013;7(1):073591-073591. doi:10.1117/1.JRS.7.073591

7. Date of download: 9/17/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. OVFs for the f/11 telescope for the cases (1) doubling the detector size (without field lens) and (2) inserting a field lens. See Table 1 for simulation parameters. Figure Legend: From: Determination of the overlap factor and its enhancement for medium-size tropospheric lidar systems: a ray-tracing approach J. Appl. Remote Sens. 2013;7(1):073591-073591. doi:10.1117/1.JRS.7.073591

8. Date of download: 9/17/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. OVF sensitivity to laser divergence. (a) Without field lens. (b) With field lens. Figure Legend: From: Determination of the overlap factor and its enhancement for medium-size tropospheric lidar systems: a ray-tracing approach J. Appl. Remote Sens. 2013;7(1):073591-073591. doi:10.1117/1.JRS.7.073591

9. Date of download: 9/17/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. OVF sensitivity to field lens and detector positions (refer to Fig. 4). (a) Parameterization as a function of the percent deviation from the nominal field lens position (percentages shown are times the telescope focal length, f1). (b) As a function of the nominal lens-to- detector distance (percentages shown are times the field lens focal length, f2). Figure Legend: From: Determination of the overlap factor and its enhancement for medium-size tropospheric lidar systems: a ray-tracing approach J. Appl. Remote Sens. 2013;7(1):073591-073591. doi:10.1117/1.JRS.7.073591

10. Date of download: 9/17/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. OVF sensitivity to fiber’s numerical aperture (NA) and core diameter (d). (a) Without field lens. Families labeled d=1.5, 2, and 3 mm [NA=0.12, 0.22, and 0.35] are represented in solid trace. Family d=5 mm [NA=0.45, 0.60] with markers. (b) With field lens. Family d=2 mm [NA=0.12, 0.22, 0.45, and 0.60] is represented in solid trace. Family d=5 mm [NA=0.45 and 0.60] in dashed trace. Figure Legend: From: Determination of the overlap factor and its enhancement for medium-size tropospheric lidar systems: a ray-tracing approach J. Appl. Remote Sens. 2013;7(1):073591-073591. doi:10.1117/1.JRS.7.073591

11. Date of download: 9/17/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. OVF sensitivity to fiber’s position (refer to Fig. 4). Parameterization as a function of the percent deviation from the nominal field-lens- to-fiber distance (percentages shown are times the field lens focal length, f2). (a) NA=0.12. (b) NA=0.60. Figure Legend: From: Determination of the overlap factor and its enhancement for medium-size tropospheric lidar systems: a ray-tracing approach J. Appl. Remote Sens. 2013;7(1):073591-073591. doi:10.1117/1.JRS.7.073591

12. Date of download: 9/17/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. Comparison between the OVF assessed by previously published analytical methods and the ray-tracing model of Sec. 3, f/11 lidar system. (a) Analytical method. 5 Detector in the telescope focal plane (absence of field lens). θ stands for the laser divergence. (b) Analytical method. 10 Fiber in the field lens focal plane (θ=0.5 mrad). Solid lines represent the analytical model and crosses the ray-tracing model. Figure Legend: From: Determination of the overlap factor and its enhancement for medium-size tropospheric lidar systems: a ray-tracing approach J. Appl. Remote Sens. 2013;7(1):073591-073591. doi:10.1117/1.JRS.7.073591