1. Quantitative Characterization of Tori in Evolved Stars – A possible observational project on evolved stars with ALMA Tatsuhiko Hasegawa (ASIAA) 2010 February ALMA-T Users Workshop

2. 1.Summary 2.An evolution scenario for (post-)AGB stars and (pre-)planetary nebulae 3.Evidence of torus and jet developments at the end of AGB phase. 4.Difficulties for quantitative descriptions of the torus developments. 5.Straw man target list. Observing line. 6.Detection feasibility of expanding tori. Demonstrations of detections with SMA. 7.Dynamical times of tori and jets – This is the best we have. We need more points with better angular resolutions. 8.List of theoretical explanations.

3. Summary Resolving the torus structures in 20 – 30 (post-)AGB stars and (pre-)planetary nebulae in the CO(2-1 or 3-2) line with a 0.1 – 0.01 arcsecond resolution with ALMA to determine the basic physical parameters of the tori [R_in, R_out, h_z, V(expansion), M(torus), dynamical time ]. Quantitatively describing the formation and evolution of the torus structures in the evolved stars from the sample. Taking a census of deviations from the axial symmetry and radial expansion of the torus-like structures. How common are the tori among the evolved stars ? Providing constraints to the theorists.

4. Fong et al. 2006 (ApJ, 652, 1626) – Evolved stars, Pre-planetary nebulae, and Planetary nebulae in HR diagram

5. CO, H2 HI, C+, OI H+, C+, O+ AGB phase (Mira variables) C/O > 1 (carbon stars) C/O < 1 (M type stars) C/O ~ 1 (S stars) Pre-Planetary Nebula Young Planetary Nebula Evolved Planetary Nebula M* (main seq) = 0.8 – 8 M_sun V(expansion) ~ 15 km/s

6. R 2 = 20,000 AU = 0.1 pc R 1 = 250 AU R * = 2.5 AU Circumstellar Envelope Transition Zone Glassgold 1996, ARAA, 34, 241. Omont 1991, NATO ASI, p171. Interstellar UV radiation V exp V exp = 15 km/s 1'' d = 200 pc case Photosphere Tk =500 K 2000 K 10 K

10. Planetary Nebula NGC 6302 HST image 30’’

11. Planetary Nebula NGC 7027 Central star HII region ( R = 5 ” ) Molecules (CO, R = 35 ” ) Dust

12. Zhang & Kwok 1998 ApJS, 117, 341

14. Fong et al. (2006) BIMA CO(1-0) vs HST and mid-IR Kwok et al. 2000 (ApJ, 544, L149) IRAS 17106 –3046

15. O-rich starsD (pc) C-rich starsD (pc) R Dor 70 IRC +10216130 pc HD 1798215.6 kpcCIT 6380 pc IRC +10011510 ?Y Cvn300 pc RW Lmi390 pc RX Boo16022272+5435?1.7 kpc R Leo11417106–3046 TX Cam330 07134+1005 (SMA obs) I K Tau250 23166+1655 VY CMa 150004296+3429 VX Sgr41017150–3224 NML Cyg 3400 ?17441–2411 Mira 130 20000+3239 HD 161796?1 kpcTT Cyg510 89 Her1 kpcCL Mon770 Provisional list of evolved stars for a torus survey with ALMA

16. –10 km/s channel map +10 km/s channel map 0 km/s channel map RA DEC RA DEC Velocity RA

17. NGC 7027. HCO+(3–2). SMA. Huang et al. (2010, submitted)

18.  Gruis CO(2–1) SMA Chiu et al. 2007 ApJ, 645, 605

19. Huggins 2007, ApJ, 663, 342 Torus ejection periodJet launch SMA

20. TABLE 2 Jet-Torus Scenarios (Huggins 2007, ApJ, 663, 342) Magnetic wind from single star ……………………… Jets and torus ? Primary mass loss + companion accretion disk O Discrete torus ejection ? Companion accretion disk + CE ejection ………………… Wrong sequence Common Envelope ejection + magnetic polar wind O Jet lag ? (Common Env.) magnetic polar + equatorial explosion O Jet lag ? (CE) primary accretion disk + late nebula ejection ……… Wrong sequence Common Env. partial ejection + primary accretion disk O Jet lag ? CE ejection + post-CE primary accretion disk (RLOF)....... Timescale too long ?