1. I Chapter 25 Electric Currents and Resistance

2. I Problem 5 5. (II) An electric clothes dryer has a heating element with a resistance of 8.6Ω (a) What is the current in the element when it is connected to 240 V? (b) How much charge passes through the element in 50 min? (Assume direct current.)

3. I 25-2 Electric Current Conceptual Example 25-2: How to connect a battery. What is wrong with each of the schemes shown for lighting a flashlight bulb with a flashlight battery and a single wire?

4. I By convention, current is defined as flowing from + to -. Electrons actually flow in the opposite direction, but not all currents consist of electrons. 25-2 Electric Current

5. I Experimentally, it is found that the current in a wire is proportional to the potential difference between its ends: 25-3 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors

6. I The ratio of voltage to current is called the resistance: 25-3 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors

7. I In many conductors, the resistance is independent of the voltage; this relationship is called Ohm’s law (Ohmic Materials). Materials that do not follow Ohm’s law are called nonohmic. Unit of resistance: the ohm, Ω: 1 Ω = 1 V/A. 25-3 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors

8. I Conceptual Example 25-3: Current and potential. Current I enters a resistor R as shown. (a) Is the potential higher at point A or at point B? (b) Is the current greater at point A or at point B?

9. I 25-3 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors Example 25-4: Flashlight bulb resistance. A small flashlight bulb draws 300 mA from its 1.5-V battery. (a) What is the resistance of the bulb? (b) If the battery becomes weak and the voltage drops to 1.2 V, how would the current change?

10. I Problem 9 9.(II) A 12-V battery causes a current of 0.60 A through a resistor. (a) What is its resistance, and (b) how many joules of energy does the battery lose in a minute?

11. I Standard resistors are manufactured for use in electric circuits; they are color-coded to indicate their value and precision. 25-3 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors

12. I This is the standard resistor color code. Note that the colors from red to violet are in the order they appear in a rainbow.

13. I Some clarifications: Batteries maintain a (nearly) constant potential difference; the current varies. Resistance is a property of a material or device. Current is not a vector but it does have a direction. Current and charge do not get used up. Whatever charge goes in one end of a circuit comes out the other end. 25-3 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors

14. I 25-4 Resistivity Example 25-5: Speaker wires. Suppose you want to connect your stereo to remote speakers. (a) If each wire must be 20 m long, what diameter copper wire should you use to keep the resistance less than 0.10 Ω per wire? (b) If the current to each speaker is 4.0 A, what is the potential difference, or voltage drop, across each wire?

15. I The resistance of a wire is directly proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area: The constant ρ, the resistivity, is characteristic of the material. ρ is in Ω.m 25-4 Resistivity

16. I For any given material, the resistivity increases with temperature: Semiconductors are complex materials, and may have resistivities that decrease with temperature.  0 and T 0 are the resistivity and temperature at 0 º C or 20 º C. 25-4 Resistivity

17. I Example 25-7: Resistance thermometer. The variation in electrical resistance with temperature can be used to make precise temperature measurements. Platinum is commonly used since it is relatively free from corrosive effects and has a high melting point. Suppose at 20.0°C the resistance of a platinum resistance thermometer is 164.2 Ω. When placed in a particular solution, the resistance is 187.4Ω. What is the temperature of this solution?

18. I Problem 23 23. (II) A length of aluminum wire is connected to a precision 10.00-V power supply, and a current of 0.4212 A is precisely measured at 20.0°C. The wire is placed in a new environment of unknown temperature where the measured current is 0.3818 A. What is the unknown temperature?

19. I Power, as in kinematics, is the energy transformed by a device per unit time: 25-5 Electric Power or

20. I The unit of power is the watt, W. For ohmic devices, we can make the substitutions: 25-5 Electric Power

21. I Example 25-8: Headlights. Calculate the resistance of a 40-W automobile headlight designed for 12 V.

22. I What you pay for on your electric bill is not power, but energy – the power consumption multiplied by the time. We have been measuring energy in joules, but the electric company measures it in kilowatt- hours, kWh: 1 kWh = (1000 W)(3600 s) = 3.60 x 10 6 J. 25-5 Electric Power

23. I Example 25-9: Electric heater. An electric heater draws a steady 15.0 A on a 120-V line. How much power does it require and how much does it cost per month (30 days) if it operates 3.0 h per day and the electric company charges 9.2 cents per kWh?

24. I Problem 36 36.(II) A 120-V hair dryer has two settings: 850 W and 1250 W. (a) At which setting do you expect the resistance to be higher? After making a guess, determine the resistance at (b) the lower setting; and (c) the higher setting.

25. I The wires used in homes to carry electricity have very low resistance. However, if the current is high enough, the power will increase and the wires can become hot enough to start a fire. To avoid this, we use fuses or circuit breakers, which disconnect when the current goes above a predetermined value. 25-6 Power in Household Circuits

26. I Fuses are one-use items – if they blow, the fuse is destroyed and must be replaced. 25-6 Power in Household Circuits

27. I Circuit breakers, which are now much more common in homes than they once were, are switches that will open if the current is too high; they can then be reset. 25-6 Power in Household Circuits

28. I Example 25-11: Will a fuse blow? Determine the total current drawn by all the devices in the circuit shown.

29. I 25-6 Power in Household Circuits Conceptual Example 25-12: A dangerous extension cord. Your 1800-W portable electric heater is too far from your desk to warm your feet. Its cord is too short, so you plug it into an extension cord rated at 11 A. Why is this dangerous?