1. GIS Applications in Wind Farm Siting and Energy Analysis for Indiana (UC 255) Image credit: ikumar ESRI Conference Session 960: Planning New Wind Energy with GIS July 22 nd, 2015 By Indraneel Kumar

2. o Wind Energy Development (Global, U.S. and IN) o Wind Energy Issues o Indiana’s Energy (Electric Power) Portfolio o Motivation o Literature review o Methodology o Web-based Site Suitability GIS Demo o Q & A

3. o U.S. is within top five nations in wind energy installation along with China, Germany, Spain and India (WWEA, 2014) o China had 91.3 GW and U.S. had 61 GW installed by 2013 o U.S. per capita installation of 195 watts/person far exceeds China’s 68.3 watts/person (WWEA, 2014) o Outlook for wind energy market is uncertain in 2015 and onwards (UNEP, 2015) o Incentives are being withdrawn o U.S. Production Tax Credits (PTC) renewal for wind energy o Japan’s likely reduction for feed-in tariff for solar power o Italy’s retroactive reduction in subsidies o Ambivalence in U.S. if PTC will be renewed or not!

4. Source: Map developed by the author. Based on data from Open Energy Information, EIA DOE, 2013; erstwhile Wind Energy GIS, ORNL, 2011 o Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Wisconsin in the Midwest o Great plains

5. Hidden Costs of Energy, NRC, 2010; AWEA, http://www.awea.org/Advocacy/content.aspx?ItemNumber=797 Wind Powering America, http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/wind_installed_capacity.asp o Surge in installed capacity is related to Production Tax Credit cycles o PTC ended in 1998, 2001, 2003 and 2012 o 2013 was a significant drop in installed capacity Effects of PTC ending

6. o Iowa and South Dakota, more than 25% of electricity is from wind power o 9 States, wind power provides more than 12% of electricity o 7 States, wind power provides more than 5% of electricity o Midwestern states’ share of wind energy in 2013  Iowa (27.4%); Wisconsin (2.4%)  Minnesota (15.7%); Michigan (2.4%)  Illinois (4.7%); Indiana (3.2%); Ohio (0.8%) o Texas is 1 st ranked for installed capacity (12.4 GW), more than 7,700 turbines, 9.9% of 2013 electricity generation is from wind Source: American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) and Energy Information Administration (EIA) websites

7. Source: American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) and Energy Information Administration (EIA) websites; U.S. DOE 50 m 70 m 100 m Indiana had 1,543.2 MW capacity (Jan 2013); 1,744 MW (Dec 2014) 350,000 to 0.5 million households

8. 930 turbines 5 large scale projects installed (100+ turbines) Benton County: 3 wind farms with 53, 87 and 355 wind turbines White County: 303 wind turbines Tipton County: 125 wind turbines Randolph County: 100 wind turbines Source: The Hoosier Heartland Region report, PCRD

9. Fowler Ridge wind farm, Habitat Conservation Plan for incidental take permit for Indiana Bats (approved in January, 2014) Monitoring study, 800+ common bats and 60 birds’ carcasses (April-Oct, 2010) Indiana has migratory birds stopover sites, Important Bird Areas (Audubon Soc.) http://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/permits/hcp/FowlerRidge/ Wind turbines- stressors to birds and bats Indiana Bat is an endangered species- decimated by the White Nose Syndrome American Golden Plover- migratory bird Source: USFWS, Midwest Region

10. Different estimates for remaining installed capacity in Indiana WIndiana 2010 conference- 30 GW in remaining installed capacity Blanket setback standards adopted by many counties in Indiana 305 meters (1,000 feet) set back from dwelling units, schools, any structure Inadequate setback from roads, railroads, utilities ROW Picture by I. Kumar Source: NREL, 2012; Purdue Extension; County Zoning Regulations o Other community effects include economic development, fiscal, aesthetics and environmental

11. o Total electric power generation in 2012: 392 trillion Btu (114.7 Million MWh) o Total energy consumption in 2012: 2,776.2 trillion Btu o Electric power is only 14.1% of total energy o Share of wind generated power is only 2.8% of total electric power Source: http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/Indiana/; Table 5http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/Indiana/

12. o A statewide framework is not available for evaluation of wind farms on endangered species, requisite setbacks and identifying suitable lands for locating wind turbines in Indiana o How much land is suitable for wind farms siting in Indiana given the constraints of environmental, ecological, cultural, settlement, physical infrastructure and wind resource parameters? o A GIS-based Interactive Platform for Wind Energy

13. TypeUsers Category Multiattribute Decision Analysis GIS-MADA Group Deterministic Probabilistic Individual Fuzzy Source: Malczewski, Jacek. 2006. GIS-based multicriteria decision analysis: a survey of the literature. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 20:7, 703-726. Dialog Data Modeling Based on Malczewski, 2006; Jabeur, Sahli and Haddad, 2011 o Simple rule-based GIS analysis to complex multi criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and multi attribute decision analysis (MADA)

14. Spatial site suitability analysis for wind farms Wind resources Land cover/land use Topography (slopes) Natural Resources (forests) Hydrology (streams) Ecology (habitats- birds, bats) Cultural (historic sites) Human settlements Utilities (electric transmission lines) Transportation (roads, railroads, airports) Wind energy potential for Indiana Land in acres MCDA (Fuzzy logic based scoring, AHP weighting) o Based on Baban & Parry, 2000; Hansen, 2005; Rodman & Meentemeyer, 2006; Janke, 2010; Tegou et al., 2010; Great Lakes Wind Consortium; NREL; APA; etc. Data Source: NREL NLCD NHD IGS INDOT NHR DNR/Audubon Society

15. Fuzzy Large Fuzzy Small Based on Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), 2011; Raines et al., 2010 and MathWorks Sigmoid-shaped curves Analytic Hierarchy Process Series of Models Overlays

16. o ArcGIS Desktop 10.2.2; ArcGIS Server; ArcGIS Viewer for Flex o Fuzzy-based layers; results of weighting and amalgamation

17. Image credit: NREL, Klondike III Wind Farm in Oregon Indraneel Kumar, PhD, AICP ikumar@purdue.edu Regional Planner: GIS and Spatial Analysis Purdue Center for Regional Development Purdue University Thank You! Questions?