1. Chapter 10 The Urban World

2. Overview of Chapter 10 o Population and Urbanization Characteristics of Urban Population Characteristics of Urban Population Urbanization Trends Urbanization Trends o City as an Ecosystem Environmental Problems in Urban Areas Environmental Problems in Urban Areas Environmental Benefits of Urbanization Environmental Benefits of Urbanization o Urban Land Use Planning Transportation and Urban Development Transportation and Urban Development Suburban Sprawl Suburban Sprawl o Making Cities More Sustainable

3. Population and Urbanization By the end of 2010, more than half of the world’s population lived in urban areas. (based on UN numbers) YearValue 197036 197537.3 198039.1 198540.9 199043 199544.7 200046.6 200548.6 201050.6 201552.7 202054.9 202557.2 203059.7 203562.2 204064.7 204567.2 205069.6

4. Population and Urbanization Urbanization Process in which people increasingly move from rural areas to densely population cities Process in which people increasingly move from rural areas to densely population cities Jobs define urban vs. rural, not populations Rural area occupations involve harvesting natural resources Rural area occupations involve harvesting natural resources Urban area occupations involve jobs not connected with natural resources Urban area occupations involve jobs not connected with natural resources People are moving to cities due to decrease in employment opportunities in rural areas

5. Characteristics of Urban Population Basic characteristics of city populations: Increased Heterogeneity Increased Heterogeneity Younger age structure Younger age structure More males in developing nation cities More males in developing nation cities More females in developed nation cities More females in developed nation cities

6. Urbanization Trends Urbanization is increasing rapidly Especially in developing countries Especially in developing countries World’s 10 largest cities are in developing countries

7. Urbanization Trends Urban Agglomeration Urbanized core region that consists of several adjunct cities or megacities and their surrounding developed suburbs Urbanized core region that consists of several adjunct cities or megacities and their surrounding developed suburbs United States Urban Agglomerations (Population of 50,000 or above)

8. Population and Urbanization Rush to urbanization in developing countries has led to: squatter settlements (1/3 in developing Countries!) squatter settlements (1/3 in developing Countries!) exceptionally high unemployment exceptionally high unemployment homelessness homelessness

9. Substandard Housing Typically occupied by squatters Illegally occupy unsafe housing Illegally occupy unsafe housing No city services Water, sewage, garbage collection, police and fire protection Water, sewage, garbage collection, police and fire protection 1/3 of urban population in developing countries are squatters Homelessness is present in lower numbers in developed countries

10. City as an Ecosystem Urban Ecosystem: A heterogeneous, dynamic urban area studied in the context of a broader ecological system Cities are dynamic open systems

11. City as an Ecosystem POET Population Population Number of people Number of people Organization Organization Social structure of city Social structure of city Environment Environment City infrastructure and natural environment City infrastructure and natural environment Technology Technology Human intervention that directly affects the urban environment Human intervention that directly affects the urban environment o Four variables are dependent on each other and interact like parts of a natural ecosystem

12. The City as an Ecosystem Park City, UT Mixed use Residential

13. The City as an Ecosystem Land Use Patterns Park City, UT Undeveloped

14. Environmental Problems in Urban Areas Growing urban areas affect land use patterns Fragment wildlife Fragment wildlife Encroach wetlands, forests, desert, etc. Encroach wetlands, forests, desert, etc.Brownfields Urban areas of abandoned industrial or residential sites that may be contaminated from past use. Pttsburgh, PA was a successful reclamation project

15. Environmental Problems in Urban Areas Long commutes Traffic congested streets Traffic congested streets Buildup of airborne emissions due to cars and industry Buildup of airborne emissions due to cars and industry Noise pollution Impermeable surfaces and urban runoff discharged into waterways Motor oil, lawn fertilizers, heavy metals Motor oil, lawn fertilizers, heavy metals

16. Urban Heat Island Temperature variations on a summer afternoon Urban heat island is the local heat buildup in an area of high population density Affects local air currents and weather conditions Affects local air currents and weather conditions Contribute to buildup of pollutants- dust domes Contribute to buildup of pollutants- dust domes

18. Environmental Benefits of Urbanization Well-planned city can benefit the environment Reduces pollution Reduces pollution Preserves rural areas Preserves rural areas Compact Development Design of cities where residential buildings are close to shopping, jobs and public transportation Design of cities where residential buildings are close to shopping, jobs and public transportation Ex: Portland, Oregon Ex: Portland, Oregon

19. Urban Land Use Planning Land use based on economic concerns From center of city outwards: City center- Central Business District (highest taxes) City center- Central Business District (highest taxes) Residential properties (lower taxes than city center) Residential properties (lower taxes than city center) Land intensive businesses (even lower taxes) Land intensive businesses (even lower taxes) Suburbs (lowest taxes) Suburbs (lowest taxes) Parks and green space are interspersed

20. Urban Land Use Planning Central business district (highest taxes) Typical urban area Residential areas (high to moderate taxes) Land intensive businesses (lowest taxes)

21. Urban Land Use Planning Land Use Planning Process of deciding the best use for undeveloped land in a given area Process of deciding the best use for undeveloped land in a given area Influenced by political and economic factors Regulated through zoning Cities divided into use zones Cities divided into use zones Commercial Commercial Residential Residential Industrial Industrial Property owners must meet zoning ordinances Property owners must meet zoning ordinances

22. Transportation and Urban Development Transportation availability affects city’s spatial structure Ex: An east coast US city (a) 1700-1850 (a) 1700-1850 (b) 1850-1910 (b) 1850-1910 (c) 20 th century (c) 20 th century

23. Suburban Sprawl Patchwork of vacant and developed tracts around the edges of cities Patchwork of vacant and developed tracts around the edges of cities Problems Loss of wetlands, forests, etc. Loss of wetlands, forests, etc. Air, Water and Noise pollution Air, Water and Noise pollution Loss of biological habitat Loss of biological habitat 11 states now have new growth management laws (Smart Growth) new growth management laws (Smart Growth)

24. Making Cities More Sustainable Characteristics of a sustainable city Clear, cohesive urban growth policies Clear, cohesive urban growth policies Efficient use of energy and other resources Efficient use of energy and other resources Reduction of pollution and waste Reduction of pollution and waste Reuse and recycle materials in waste stream Reuse and recycle materials in waste stream Large areas of green space Large areas of green space Designed to be people-centers, not car- centered Designed to be people-centers, not car- centered Food grown IN the city (rooftop gardens) Food grown IN the city (rooftop gardens) Compact development Compact development

25. Barcelona, Spain: A People-centered City

26. Copenhagen, Denmark A People-centered City

27. Sustainable Cities Case in Point- Curitiba, Brazil