1. Chapter 12 Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

2. Erikson’s Theory: Identity vs. Role Confusion Identity  Defining who you are, what you value, and your direction in life  Commitments to vocation, relationships, sexual orientation, ethnic group, ideals  Exploration, resolution of “identity crisis” Role Confusion  Lack of direction and self-definition  Earlier psychosocial conflicts not resolved  Society restricts choices  Unprepared for challenges of adulthood Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

3. Self-Concept in Adolescence  Unifies separate traits into more abstract descriptors  May describe contradictory traits  Gradually combines traits into organized system:  qualifiers  integrating principles © Goodluz/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

4. Self-Esteem in Adolescence  Continues to gain new dimensions:  close friendship  romantic appeal  job competence  Generally rises, but drops temporarily at school transitions  Parenting style affects quality and stability of self-esteem © Aleshyn_Andrei/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

5. Identity Statuses Exploration Commitment HighLow High identity achievement identity moratorium Low identity foreclosure identity diffusion Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

6. Identity Status and Cognitive Style Identity-achieved Information-gathering Moratorium Foreclosure Dogmatic, inflexible Diffusion Long-term diffusionDiffuse-avoidant Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

7. Factors That Affect Identity Development  Personality  Child-rearing practices:  attachment  Peers, friends  Schools, communities  Culture  Societal forces © Goodluz/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

8. Culture and Identity  View of self-continuity  Cultural-majority adolescents:  individualistic view  enduring personal essence  Cultural-minority adolescents:  interdependent view  constantly transforming self: coherent narrative © dboystudio/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

9. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Preconventional level Stage 1: Punishment and obedience Stage 2: Instrumental purpose Conventional level Stage 3: “Good boy–good girl” (morality of interpersonal cooperation) Stage 4: Social-order-maintaining Postconventional or principled level Stage 5: Social contract Stage 6: Universal ethical principle Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

10. Research on Kohlberg’s Theory  Few people reach postconventional morality  Stages 3 and 4 reflect morally mature reasoning  In real life, people often reason below actual capacity © arek_malang/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

11. Sex Differences in Moral Reasoning?  Kohlberg: emphasis on rights and justice orientation  Gilligan: emphasis on “ethic of care” orientation  Each sex uses both orientations, but females may stress care more, because of greater involvement in activities involving care and concern for others Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

12. Reasoning About Situations Raising Competing Issues  Moral  Social-conventional  Personal:  personal choice weighed against community obligations  personal rights integrated with ideal reciprocity © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

13. Influences on Moral Reasoning  Child-rearing practices:  caring, supportive  discussions of moral concerns  Schooling: higher education  Peer interaction  Culture © Alan Bailey/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

14. Moral Reasoning and Behavior Factors influencing behavior include  maturity of moral reasoning  emotions: empathy, sympathy, guilt  temperament  cultural experiences and beliefs  moral identity  parenting practices: inductive discipline, moral standards  schooling: just educational environments  civic engagement Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

15. Civic Engagement  Volunteering promotes  moral maturity  altruism  Influential factors:  family: knowledge of civic issues  school, community:  vision and skills for civic engagement  service-learning programs © mangostock/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

16. Religious Involvement and Morality  Formal religious involvement declines in adolescence  Religious involvement linked to  more community service  less drug and alcohol use  delayed sexual activity  less delinquency © Gordon Swanson/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

17. Pragmatic Approach to Morality  Claims Kohlberg’s stages inadequately account for behavior in everyday life  Moral judgments are practical tools that  depend on current context and motivation  are frequently directed at self-serving goals  Critics: People often rise above self- interest to defend others’ rights. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

18. Gender Intensification in Adolescence  Increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior  Not universal, more common in girls  Biological, social, and cognitive influences  Declines by late adolescence © Blend Images/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

19. Parent–Child Relationships in Adolescence  Strives for autonomy:  emotional component: self-reliance  behavioral component: independent decision making  Deidealizes parents  Authoritative parenting:  balancing autonomy-granting with monitoring  extra challenging during adolescence Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

20. Parent–Adolescent Conflict  Facilitates adolescents’ identity and autonomy  Signals parents to adjust parenting style  Cultural variations:  acculturative stress  decreased family time not universal © Golden Pixels LLC/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

21. Family Influences on Adolescents’ Adjustment  Family circumstances that affect appropriate autonomy-granting:  financial security  parental work pressures  stable marriage  Sibling relationships:  less intense, in both positive and negative feelings  attachment remains strong in most cases Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

22. Characteristics of Adolescent Friendships  Fewer “best friends”  Stress intimacy, mutual understanding, loyalty  Friends tend to be similar, and become more so:  identity status  educational aspirations  political beliefs  deviant behavior © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

23. Sex Differences in Adolescent Friendships Girls  Emotional closeness  Communal concerns  Get together to “just talk”  Self-disclosure, support Boys  Shared activities  Achievement, status  Competition, conflict  Androgyny related to increased intimacy Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

24. Self-Disclosure in Relationships Figure 12.1 (From D. Buhrmester, 1996, “Need Fulfillment, Interpersonal Competence, and the Developmental Contexts of Early Adolescent Friendship,” in W. M. Bukowski, A. F. Newcomb, & W. W. Hartup [Eds.], The Company They Keep: Friendship in Childhood and Adolescence, New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 168. Reprinted with permission of Cambridge University Press.) Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

25. Friendship Risks  Corumination:  anxiety, depression  Relational aggression:  girls’ closest friendships of shorter duration  Internet communication:  racial and ethnic slurs  sexual obscenity  harassment  reduced quality of face-to-face interaction © wrangler/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

26. U.S. Teenagers’ Daily Use of Social Media Figure 12.2 (Adapted from Lenhart et al., 2010.) Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

27. Benefits of Adolescent Friendships  Opportunities to explore self  Opportunities to deeply understand another  Foundation for future intimate relationships  Help in managing stress  Improved school attitudes and involvement © oliveromg/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

28. Cliques and Crowds  Cliques:  small groups: 5–7  good friends  similar in family background, attitudes, and values  Crowds:  larger: composed of several cliques  membership based on reputation, stereotype © Robbi/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

29. Increase in Romantic Relationships Figure 12.3 (Adapted from Carver, Joyner, & Udry, 2003. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

30. Changes in Dating During Adolescence  Mixed-sex cliques prepare teenagers for dating  Dating goals change with age:  early adolescence: recreation, peer status  late adolescence: intimacy, compatibility, affection, social support  Relationships with parents and friends contribute to security of romantic ties Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

31. Dating Problems  Too-early dating:  drug use, sex, delinquency  poor academic achievement  dating violence  For gay and lesbian youths:  finding partners  peer harassment, rejection © MJTH/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

32. Depression in Adolescence  Most common psychological problem: 15–20% have had one or more major episodes  Twice as many girls as boys:  early-maturing girls  gender intensification  Influential factors:  heredity  parental depression  learned helplessness © Jochen Schoenfeld/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

33. Adolescent Suicide  Suicide rate jumps sharply at adolescence  Related factors:  gender  ethnicity  family environment, high life stress  sexual orientation  personality:  intelligent, withdrawn  antisocial  triggering negative events Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

34. Preventing Suicide  Attend to warning signs  Provide adult and peer support  Teach coping strategies  Remove access to means: gun control legislation © Lisa F. Young/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

35. Delinquency  Widespread in early and middle adolescence, then declines  Related factors:  gender  SES, ethnicity  difficult temperament  low intelligence, poor school performance  peer rejection, association with antisocial peers  family characteristics  neighborhood Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

36. Two Routes to Adolescent Delinquency  Early-onset: behavior begins in childhood:  biological risks and inept parenting combine  linked to serious antisocial activity  Late-onset: behavior begins around puberty  peer influences © Ardelean Andreea/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

37. Path to Chronic Delinquency Figure 12.4 Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

38. Preventing Adolescent Delinquency  Positive family relationships  High-quality teaching  Communities with healthy economic and social conditions  Multisystemic therapy  Zero tolerance policies are inconsistent, ineffective © Alexander Raths/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

39. Readers may view, browse, and/or download material for temporary copying purposes only, provided these uses are for noncommercial personal purposes. Except as provided by law, this material may not be further reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, adapted, performed, displayed, published, or sold in whole or in part, without prior written permission from the publisher. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.