1. KS3 – Weather And Climate Lesson overview: ● Write down Objectives ● Do starter – Write down as many weather names the student knows ● Teach climate and ask students questions through ● Do activity 1, and draw a climate graph ● Draw the hydrological cycle, test the student with the keywords ● Teach the different weather instruments, and types of weather, student taking notes down ● Watch a video about depressions ● Draw diagrams of types of rainfall ● Watch a bbc weather forecast, noting down information ● Learn the different weather symbols ● Complete questions in textbook Note: Teach Climate change – Debate it, discuss impacts and the Kyoto Protocol Sample exam question: Explain the effects of which climate change has environmentally Describe the formation of a depression Explain how different parts of the UK contrast in climate. State what is meant by a microclimate

2. Part A – Climate Zones The world we live in has different weather, temperatures and physical elements, which differentiate the climate of this planet. The world is split into several different climate zones, of which you need to learn

3. Part A – Climate Zones Climate in the world varies, and they vary because of 4 different factors, these factors can affect climate by weather patterns, and the difference from temperatures. Below show these 4 factors and how they affect the Climate: Altitude: The climate of an area can depend on its height, mountainous areas mostly have colder and less sunny weather, because of the height from sea level, Altitude affects climate because the higher in the air the colder it is, that is why mountain climbers will have warm choose of clothing. Latitude: The climate can also be affected by the latitude of an area, the latitude is basically how far north or south of the equator a place is, the latitude is also like Longitude, just the longitude is how far east or west a place. Climate is affected by latitude because the closer to the equator, the warmer the climate can get, for example the sahara desert is about 30' from the equator, where most arid climates sit. On the equator, most climates are tropical. Distance from shore: Climate can also depend on how far a place is from the coast, coastal areas can tend to be colder because temperature range at the coast is smaller, as warm land tends to heat and cool quicker than at coastal areas, so inland areas are warmer. Wind: Prevailing wind can affect Climate also affect a climate, for example an area may be use to warm fronts than colder fronts like Florida, and some areas can be use to both, such as tropical regions (Forming Depressions: See Part C)

4. Part B – Climate Graphs The climate of an area can also be shown on a climate graph, as well as a map. A Climate Graph shows the rainfall and temperature variables throughout an average year for a different region. Below shows an example of a climate graph for Mumbai in India. There are two variables on a climate graph, rainfall (Precipitation) and Temperature, which are measured in mm and 'c. 1 side of the Y axis will have 'C and the other side will have mm. The X Axis shows the months of the year, and how these factors vary through out the year. On the Climate Graph for India, you will notice between the Months of May to August rainfall is quite high, as well as temperature, which has an average of 25'c. Rainfall here is high because India is common for Monsoons, which come through intense heat in the area. Activity 1: Search for 4 different climate graphs of different areas, and describe the difference in trends for each graph, explain this difference, and why it may be there.

5. Part C – The Hydrological Cycle The hydrological shows how water basically moves on land, through air and at sea. “Hydrological” is just a bigger name for water. Below shows how water moves over a casual river landscape The hydrological cycle consists of flows and storages, of which you need to learn, as well as types of state changes (Eg gas changing to liquid) Flows: Infiltration is when water infiltrates soil into the ground Percolation is the vertical flow of water through soil and rock Groundwater flow is the downhill flow of water through rocks. (Rocks which absorb water are called Aquifers) Channel Flow is the flow of water down the stream of a river. (A River is sometimes known as a Channel) Throughflow is when water flows downhill within soil. Surface run-off is When water flows Downhill on the surface Of land (Usually into a river)

6. Part C – The Hydrological Cycle As well as flows, you need to learn the types of water storage as well as State changes. Water storage: Surface Storage is the storage of water on the surface, usually in Reservoirs or Lakes. Interception Storage is the storage of water on the leaves of trees, the water gets here as rain. Channel Storage is the storage of water in a river, sometimes water in a river is stored at Drainage Basins. Groundwater Storage is the storage of water within rocks and soil. State changes: As water moves through the hydrological cycle, its state can change from liquid to gas, sometimes with cold climates waters state can turn to solid (Frozen lakes) Evaporation and condensation both occur, evaporation is the changing of liquid to gas, and condensation is the reverse of evaporation Transpiration is the evaporation of water on leaves of plants. When evaporation and transpiration both occur, it is called Evapo-transpiration.

7. Part D - Microclimates A Microclimate is the climate for a specific region or area, for example the climate of an urban city. Different parts of the UK have different microclimates – The South-West has Rainfall and is sunny, the south-east is sunny, whereas the north of the UK is colder, and has more polar type weather conditions. Urban areas tend to have hotter temperatures to rural areas, and there are possible reasons for this. You need to know why urban areas are warmer than rural land. Buildings and road are built of dark surfaces (Like Tar) which absorb heat faster than lighter surfaces Air pollutants blanket the cloud stopping warm air escaping Heat is added to the air by human resources (Most human resources have waste energy of heat) In Urban areas, there is also a lot of rain and fog, this is because of the pollutants in the air.

8. Part D – Types of Weather There are different types of weather, which can also be measured using different weather instruments. Before you learn the types of weather, you need to learn the 6 factors affecting weather Temperature Air Pressure Wind Speed Wind Direction Precipitation Cloud formation These factors are measured by different instruments: Air pressure is measured using a barometer, measured in milibars, the bigger the milibars shown, the higher the air pressure Precipitation is measured using a rain gauge, measured in mm. Wind Speed and Wind Direction are measured using a Wind Vane (Wind Direction) and an Anemometer Temperature is measured using a thermometer in ' celsius A BarometerA Rain Gauge An Anemometer Thermometer

9. Part D – Types of Weather The UK has a climate which faces a lot of rain, as well as plenty of sunshine, rainfall and storms are caused by one thing, and sunshine and clear skies are caused by another. You need to know why the UK gets rainfall, by learning the 3 types of rainfall, as well as why we get sunshine, but first, you need to learn these two types of weather: Anticyclone and a Depression. A Depression is what causes rainfall and storm-like weather in the UK, depressions form far out in the Atlantic, where two different air fronts meet, a cold air front coming from the north pole, and a warm-moist air front coming from the tropics, as these two air fronts meet, the warm air is forced above the more dense cold air, forming subduction, and as the warm air rises, it cools and condenses, forming rain clouds. This process continues to occur as several rainclouds form, and are ready to hit the UK, depressions also create low air pressure, because as warm air rises, air pressure becomes low, but when cold air falls, high pressure forms. An anticyclone is warmer weather, and is formed from the falling of warm air, and remember as air falls, it creates a higher air pressure. As the warm air drops, no clouds are produced, so more sunlight can enter the atmosphere, and this is how we get sunny days in the UK. In the Winter it is colder and fog forms instead of sun, it is different to the summer in Winter because the earths orbital point.

10. Part D – Types of Weather As well as knowing about anticyclones and depressions, you also need to know how rain is caused naturaaly, remember rain is precipitation Convectional rainfall occurs on a hot sunny day, for example after a hot summers day in the UK, where the sun heats up the ground, allowing this hot air to rise by convection, as the hot air rises it begins to cool and condense to form rain clouds, and will later release rain droplets. Relief rainfall is more frequent in the north of the UK where the area of land is higher, as warm air approaches a steep hill, this air wants to keep being blown by winds, so it is forced up the hill into a cooler latitude where the warm air cools and condenses to form rainclouds, which will later release rain droplets. Frontal rainfall is frequent all over the UK, and is the most common type of rainfall, because of common prevailing winds being blown into the south-west of the UK from the Atlantic (North Atlantic Drift) the warm blown air will meet with colder blown in air from the poles, these two air masses meet, and the less dense warm air will rise above the more dense cold air, as the warm air rises, it cools to form rainclouds, which will latert release rain droplets

11. Part E – Forecasting Weather Weather needs to be forecasted (Predicted) it is important to forecast weather because people need to specific weather for specific activities like long hauls, wet rainy weather is not good for long distant drivers, and heavy winds are poor for jumbo jets and ferries, as well people need to know the weather for there holidays, sports etc. For the exam, you need to learn how to analyse a weather map, as well as learning the keywords used in a weather forecast. Activity 2: Watch a weather forecast on TV and note down all the fancy words you hear, and note information down. Below shows a weather map: Sometimes, when you hear a weather forecast, you may hear the forecaster talking about highs and lows. Highs and lows are about pressure systems, highs are series of high pressure areas, where lows are areas of low pressure areas. Highs and lows are represented by Isobars – Lines showing equal length of pressure. Isobars increasing in millibars show areas of highs, where as lows are shown decreasing in millibars.

12. Part E – Forecasting Weather Below shows the key for this weather map, with the symbols you need to know. Wind speed and direction Temperature Cloudy with sunny intervals Rainy, cloudy and sunny intervals Thin Clouds Sunny Rainy Thick Clouds For more info on different weather symbols, rather than the ones you need to know, visit this link http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/u k/guide/key.html Warm Front Cold Front Occluded Front Isobars

13. Part E – Forecasting Weather Weather patterns are easily analysed by the use of modern technology, since the 1960's, the use of satellite and computer technology has increased the ease and ability of forecasting weather, by looking at different weather fronts and clouds. Satellites are the main way weather channels forecast weather, the satellite uses infra-red imagery, which will take an infra-red image of a part of our planet, showing the different circular motions of clouds, and the different weather front. Satellite images are converted into weather maps, so it can make more sense to the viewers.