1. Lecture 3, MATH 210G.02, Fall 2016 Lewis Carroll and the Syllogism

2. Silly starter Clicker question 2 The picture is an example of which fallacy? A) Straw man B Slippery slope C) Argumentum ad hominum D) Ignoratio Elenchi E) Equivocation

3. Charles Dodgson aka Lewis CarrollLewis Carroll Once master the machinery of Symbolic Logic, and you have a mental occupation always at hand, of absorbing interest, and one that will be of real use to you in any subject you may take up. It will give you clearness of thought - the ability to see your way through a puzzle - the habit of arranging your ideas in an orderly and get-at-able form - and, more valuable than all, the power to detect fallacies, and to tear to pieces the flimsy illogical arguments, which you will so continually encounter in books, in newspapers, in speeches, and even in sermons, and which so easily delude those who have never taken the trouble to master this fascinating Art

4. 1. All, who neither dance on tight ropes nor eat penny-buns, are old.penny-buns 2. Pigs, that are liable to giddiness, are treated with respect. 3. A wise balloonist takes an umbrella with him. 4. No one ought to lunch in public, who looks ridiculous and eats penny-buns. 5. Young creatures, who go up in balloons, are liable to giddiness. 6. Fat creatures, who look ridiculous, may lunch in public, provided they do not dance on tight ropes. 7. No wise creatures dance on tight ropes, if liable to giddiness. 8. A pig looks ridiculous, carrying an umbrella. 9. All, who do not dance on tight ropes, and who are treated with respect are fat.

5. A — balloonists B — carrying umbrellas C — dancing on tight ropes D — eating penny-buns E — fat F — liable to giddiness G — looking ridiculous H — may lunch in public J — old K — pigs L — treated with respect M — wise. 1. All, who neither dance on tight ropes nor eat penny-buns, are old.penny-buns 2. Pigs, that are liable to giddiness, are treated with respect. 3. A wise balloonist takes an umbrella with him. 4. No one ought to lunch in public, who looks ridiculous and eats penny-buns. 5. Young creatures, who go up in balloons, are liable to giddiness. 6. Fat creatures, who look ridiculous, may lunch in public, provided they do not dance on tight ropes. 7. No wise creatures dance on tight ropes, if liable to giddiness. 8. A pig looks ridiculous, carrying an umbrella. 9. All, who do not dance on tight ropes, and who are treated with respect are fat. 1. (~C ∧ ~D) ∧ ~J =  ; 2. (K ∧ F) ∧ ~L =  ; 3. (M ∧ A) ∧ ~ B =  ; 4. (G ∧ D) ∧ H =  ; 5. (~J ∧ A) ∧ ~F =  ; 6. (E ∧ G ∧ C) ∧ ~H =  ; 7. (M ∧ F) ∧ C =  ; 8. (K ∧ B) ∧ ~G =  ; 9. (~C ∧ L) ∧ ~ E= . A 3,5 B 8, -3 C 7, -1,6,-9 D 4, -1 E 6, -9 F 2,7, -5 G 4,6, -8 H 4, -6 J -1,-5 K 2,8 L 9, -2 M 3,7

7. http://durendal.org/lcsl/

8. No one takes in the Times, unless he is well educated. No hedgehogs can read. Those who cannot read are not well educated.

9. W: well educated T: takes in the times R: can read H: Is a hedgehog

10. No one takes in the Times, unless he is well educated: T->W No hedgehogs can read. R->~H Those who cannot read are not well educated. ~R->~W

11. T->W (~W->~T) R->~H (H->~R) ~R->~W Put together: H->~R->~W->~T If it is a hedgehog then it does not take in the Times

12. Puzzle # 2 (a) None of the unnoticed things, met with at sea, are mermaids. (b) Things entered in the log, as met with at sea, are sure to be worth remembering. (c) I have never met with anything worth remembering, when on a voyage. (d) Things met with at sea, that are noticed, are sure to be recorded in the log. Universe: “things met with at the sea” N : it is noticed M : it is a mermaid L : it is entered in the log R : it is worth remembering I : I have met with it at sea.

14. (a) ~N → ~M (M → N) (b) L → R (~R → ~L) (c) I → ~R (R → ~I) (d) N → L (~L → ~N ) _____________________________________ Strung together: I → ~ R → ~L → ~N → ~M. I → ~M : If I have met with it at sea then it is not a mermaid. “I have never met with a mermaid at sea.”

15. Puzzle # 3 (a) No interesting poems are unpopular among people of real taste. (b) No modern poetry is free from affectation. (c) All your poems are on the subject of soap-bubbles. (d) No affected poetry is popular among people of real taste. (e) No ancient poem is on the subject of soap-bubbles. Universe: “poems”, I : it is interesting P : it is popular among people of real taste M : it is modern A : it is affected Y : it is your poem S : it is on the subject of soap bubbles. (a) I → P (~P → ~I) (b) M → A (~A → ~M) (c) Y → S (~S → ~Y) (d) A → ~P (P → ~A) (e) ~M → ~S (S → M).

16. (a) I → P (~P → ~I) (b) M → A (~A → ~M) (c) Y → S (~S → ~Y) (d) A → ~P (P → ~A) (e) ~M → ~S (S → M). __________________________________________ I → P → ~A → ~M → ~S → ~Y, “contra-positive chain” Y → S → M → A → ~P → ~I. Solution: I → ~Y, or Y → ~I. “Your poetry is not interesting.”

17. For Quiz Every one who is sane can do Logic. No lunatics are fit to serve on a jury. None of your sons can do logic.

18. User your clicker to express the right conclusion Every one who is sane can do Logic. No lunatics are fit to serve on a jury. None of your sons can do logic. A.) Jurors can do logic B.) Jurors are sane C.) Your sons are not sane D.) Your sons are not fit to serve on a jury

19. Solution Every one who is sane can do Logic. No lunatics are fit to serve on a jury. None of your sons can do logic. Sa->DL FJ->Sa DL->~So Anyone fit to serve on a jury is not your son (your sons are not fit to serve on a jury)

20. 1. The only animals in this house are cats. 2. Every animal is suitable for a pet, that loves to gaze at the moon. 3. When I detest an animal, I avoid it. 4. No animals are carnivorous, unless they prowl at night. 5. No cat fails to kill mice. 6. No animals ever take to me, except what are in this house. 7. Kangaroos are not suitable for pets. 8. None but carnivora kill mice. 9. I detest animals that do not take to me. 10. Animals, that prowl at night, always love to gaze at the moon.

21. Assign letters to each of the following statements (over) It is an animal that lives in this house It is a cat It is suitable to be a pet It loves to gaze at the moon I detest it I avoid it It is carnivorous It prowls at night It kills mice It takes to me It is a kangaroo

22. Translate each of the statements in terms of your symbols, e.g., A→C, then use the syllogism to find the intended meaning. 1. The only animals in this house are cats. 2. Every animal is suitable for a pet, that loves to gaze at the moon. 3. When I detest an animal, I avoid it. 4. No animals are carnivorous, unless they prowl at night. 5. No cat fails to kill mice. 6. No animals ever take to me, except what are in this house. 7. Kangaroos are not suitable for pets. 8. None but carnivora kill mice. 9. I detest animals that do not take to me. 10. Animals, that prowl at night, always love to gaze at the moon.

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24. Exercises

25. If it doesn't have a TV then it's not a young dude If it has spots then it dresses like a queen If it dresses like a queen then it steals clothes from Marks and Sparks If it doesn't carry the news then it has spots If it has a TV then it doesn't steal clothes from Marks and Sparks Translate each sentence into an implication of the form A → B or ˜B → ˜A, then determine the intended implication.

26. If it doesn't have a TV then it's not a young dude ( ~T->~D ) If it has spots then it dresses like a queen ( S->Q ) If it dresses like a queen then it steals clothes from Marks and Sparks (Q->M) If it doesn't carry the news then it has spots (~N ->S) If it has a TV then it doesn't steal clothes from Marks and Sparks (T->~M) D-T->~M->~Q->~S->N All the Young Dudes Cary the News SOLUTION: Translate each sentence into an implication of the form A → B or ˜B → ˜A, then determine the intended implication.

27. You may skip the following example, as it is not considered funny in light of events June 15, 2016.

29. Dodgson and the syllogismsyllogism (a) All babies are illogical. (b) Nobody is despised who can manage a crocodile. (c) Illogical persons are despised. “universe”: set of all people. “it” in this context refers to a general person. rewrite each statement in the puzzle as an implication in symbols B : it is a baby L : it is logical M : it can manage a crocodile D : it is despised,

30. SOLUTION: In symbols: (a) B → ~L : If it is a baby then it is not logical. (b) M → ~D : If it can manage a crocodile then it is not despised. (c) ~L → D : If it is not logical then it is despised. Aim: stringing together chain of implications, apply transitive reasoning: A → B ^ V → C → A → C. We have: B → ~L, and ~L → D so we conclude B → D Contra positive of (b): D → ~M so… B → ~L → D → ~M. Our ultimate conclusion is the statement: B → ~M : If it is a baby then it cannot manage a crocodile. Vernacular: Babies cannot manage crocodiles

31. Additional exercises Translate each sentence into an implication of the form A → B or ˜B → ˜A, then determine the intended implication of the following statements: People who do not sleep enough run red lights. People with too much on their agenda do not cook well. No one gets enough sleep except for artists. People who smell the roses do not run red lights. People who do not smell the roses have too much on their agenda.

32. Solution Translate each sentence into an implication of the form A → B or ˜B → ˜A, then determine the intended implication of the following statements: People who do not sleep enough run red lights. ~S->L People with too much on their agenda do not cook well. T->~C No one gets enough sleep except for artists. S->A People who smell the roses do not run red lights. R->~L People who do not smell the roses have too much on their agenda. ~R->T Altogether: C->~T->R->~L->S->A People who cook well are artists

34. All writers, who understand human nature, are clever. No one is a true poet unless he can stir the hearts of men. Shakespeare wrote “Hamlet”. No writer, who does not understand human nature, can stir the hear ts of men. None but a true poet could have written “Hamlet”.

35. Solution: All writers, who understand human nature, are clever. U->C No one is a true poet unless he can stir the hearts of men. T->M Shakespeare wrote “Hamlet”. H->S (or S->H !) No writer, who does not understand human nature, can stir the hearts of men. M->U None but a true poet could have written “Hamlet”. ~T->~H Altogether: S->H->T->M->U->C Shakespeare is clever

36. Translate each sentence into an implication of the form A → B or ˜B → ˜A, then determine the intended implication. People who eat at Chuckie Cheese brag about their exploits. People who have their own TV shows murder green dogs. Everyone eats at Chuckie Cheese except people who appreciate math. People who brag about their exploits have their own TV shows.

37. Translate each sentence into an implication of the form A → B or ˜B → ˜A, then determine the intended implication. SOLUTION: People who eat at Chuckie Cheese brag about their exploits. C->B People who have their own TV shows murder green dogs. T->G Everyone eats at Chuckie Cheese except people who appreciate math. ~M->C People who brag about their exploits have their own TV shows. B->T Altogether: ~M->C->B->T->G: People who do not like Math murder green dogs.

38. Translate each sentence into an implication of the form A → B or ˜B → ˜A, then determine the intended implication of the following statements: Good poker players cannot be trusted. People who wear fancy shoes are not lucky in love. Everyone is good in poker except nerds. You can trust people who wear shabby shoes.

39. Translate each sentence into an implication of the form A → B or ˜B → ˜A, then determine the intended implication of the following statements: Solution: Good poker players cannot be trusted. P->~T People who wear fancy shoes are not lucky in love. F->~L Everyone is good in poker except nerds. ~N->P You can trust people who wear shabby shoes. ~F->T Altogether: ~N->P->~T->F->~L Not a nerd then not luck in love

40. No shark ever doubts that he is well fitted out. A fish, that cannot dance a minuet, is contemptible. No fish is quite certain that it is well fitted out, unless it has three rows of teeth. All fishes, except sharks, are kind to children. No heavy fish can dance a minuet. A fish with three rows of teeth is not to be despised Translate each sentence into an implication of the form A → B or ˜B → ˜A, then determine the intended implication.

41. Solution: No shark ever doubts that he is well fitted out. S->F A fish, that cannot dance a minuet, is contemptible. ~M->C No fish is quite certain that it is well fitted out, unless it has three rows of teeth. ~T ->~F All fishes, except sharks, are kind to children. ~K->S No heavy fish can dance a minuet. H->~M A fish with three rows of teeth is not to be despised T->~C ~K->S->F->T->~C->M->~H. ??? Translate each sentence into an implication of the form A → B or ˜B → ˜A, then determine the intended implication.

42. No kitten that loves fish is unteachable. No kitten without a tail will play with a gorilla. Kittens with whiskers always love fish. No teachable kitten has green eyes. No kittens have tails unless they have whiskers. Translate each sentence into an implication of the form A → B or ˜B → ˜A, then determine the intended implication.

43. Solution No kitten that loves fish is unteachable. F->L No kitten without a tail will play with a gorilla. G->T Kittens with whiskers always love fish. W->F No teachable kitten has green eyes. L->~E No kittens have tails unless they have whiskers. T->W G->T->W->F->L->~E. Kittens who have green eyes do not play with gorrilas. Translate each sentence into an implication of the form A → B or ˜B → ˜A, then determine the intended implication.

44. Animals that do not kick are always unexcitable. Donkeys have no horns. A buffalo can always toss one over a gate. No animals that kick are easy to swallow. No hornless animal can toss one over a gate. All animals are excitable, except buffalo. Translate each sentence into an implication of the form A → B or ˜B → ˜A, then determine the intended implication.

45. Animals that do not kick are always unexcitable. ~K->~E Donkeys have no horns. H->~D A buffalo can always toss one over a gate. B->T No animals that kick are easy to swallow. K->~S No hornless animal can toss one over a gate. ~H->~T All animals are excitable, except buffalo. ~E->B D->~H->~T->~B->E->K->~S Donkeys are not easy to swallow Translate each sentence into an implication of the form A → B or ˜B → ˜A, then determine the intended implication.

46. No Acrobatic feats, that are announced in the bill of Circus, are not attempted there. No acrobatic feat is possible, if it involves turning in a quadruple somersault. No impossible acrobatic feat is ever announced in a circus bill. Translate each sentence into an implication of the form A → B or ˜B → ˜A, then determine the intended implication.

47. Solution No Acrobatic feats, that are announced in the bill of Circus, are not attempted there. B->A No acrobatic feat is possible, if it involves turning in a quadruple somersault. Q->~P No impossible acrobatic feat is ever announced in a circus bill. ~P->~A Q->~P->~A->~B Quadruple somersaults are never announced in the bill of a circus. Translate each sentence into an implication of the form A → B or ˜B → ˜A, then determine the intended implication.

49. People who have cable get frustrated. Frustrated people have to get an eye patch. No one does not look tough if they wear an eye patch People want to know how tough people who wear eye patches are. When people want to know how tough someone is, that person wakes up in a roadside ditch. Translate each sentence into an implication of the form A → B or ˜B → ˜A, then determine the intended implication.

50. Solution People who have cable get frustrated. C->F Frustrated people have to get an eye patch. F->P No one does not look tough if they wear an eye patch P->T People want to know how tough people who look tough are. T->H When people want to know how tough someone is, that person wakes up in a roadside ditch. H->D C->F->P->T->H->D People who watch cable wake up in a roadside ditch. Translate each sentence into an implication of the form A → B or ˜B → ˜A, then determine the intended implication.

51. EXTRA CREDIT All who neither dance on tightropes nor eat penny-buns, are old. Pigs that are liable to giddiness are treated with respect. A wise balloonist takes an umbrella with him. No one ought to lunch in public, who looks ridiculous and eats penny-buns. Young creatures who go up in balloons are liable to giddiness. Fat creatures who look ridiculous may lunch in public, provided they do not dance on tightropes. No wise creatures dance on tightropes, if liable to giddiness. A pig looks ridiculous carrying an umbrella. All who do not dance on tightropes, and who are treated with respect, are fat. Translate each sentence into an implication of the form A → B or ˜B → ˜A, or A ∧ B →C etc then determine the intended implication.

52. Roll your own Invent universe of “things” (e.g., dogs, people, automobiles,…) and a list of properties A,B,C,D,E that the “things” may or may not possess. Form the sentences A→B, B → ~C, ~C → D, D→ ~E in such a way that the implication A→ ~E follows from the law of the syllogism.