1. Sulakshana Mahajan

2. 2 The relation between environment and urbanization is beautifully summarised by Sim Van Der Ryn and Stuart Cowan in their book Ecological Design (1995)

3. 3 “ We live in two interpenetrating worlds. The first is the which has been forged in an evolutionary crucible over a period of four billion years.

4. 4 The second is the world of that people have been designing for themselves over the last few millennia.

5. 5 The condition that threatens both worlds It results from a lack of integration between them.”

6. 6 The eco system is four billion year old and is the result of evolution The eco system is four billion year old and is the result of evolution urban settlements designed by man are at an early stage of evolution. urban settlements designed by man are at an early stage of evolution. Idea of a City is only about 10,000 years old! Idea of a City is only about 10,000 years old!

7. 7 Urbanization Process by which cities are formed City is Human settlement with –Large number of people –High density of population –Non-Agriculture economic base –Diverse society –Trade with distant lands

8. 8 1. Trade Problems of modern trade intensity intensity scale scale speed speed intercontinental global trade intercontinental global trade

9. 9 2. Intensive Modern Agriculture Mechanized, intensive, high-energyMechanized, intensive, high-energy Use of chemical fertilizers, pesticidesUse of chemical fertilizers, pesticides Low utilization of human /Low utilization of human / Low utilization animal labourLow utilization animal labour Unsustainable.Unsustainable.

10. 10 3. Large-scale industrial production High degree of ConcentrationHigh degree of Concentration Increasing global consumptionIncreasing global consumption Use of high-energy resourcesUse of high-energy resources Waste generation includingWaste generation including Production of toxic wasteProduction of toxic waste

11. 11 4. Population explosion and migration Health, modern medicineHealth, modern medicine better foodbetter food Clean water and other servicesClean water and other services Tradition and social normsTradition and social norms Religion.Religion. Migration due to pull and push factorsMigration due to pull and push factors

12. 12 5. Crowding in cities and metropolises Attractive factors for crowding. Growth of large cities Growth of large cities Relatively inexpensive and efficient services Relatively inexpensive and efficient services Demand for labour in industrial and services jobs. Demand for labour in industrial and services jobs. Diversity of jobs and occupations in cities are Diversity of jobs and occupations in cities are

13. 13 6. Uneven economic development Uneven economic development across the international as well as at national scale. Uneven economic development across the international as well as at national scale. Rich and poor nations Rich and poor nations Employed and employed communities Employed and employed communities Urban and rural settlements Urban and rural settlements Large scale and small scale Large scale and small scale white collar and blue collar etc. white collar and blue collar etc.

14. 14 7. Unsustainable level of consumption of natural resources –Speed and alarming scale –Land –Water –Ores –Energy –Sea –Forests

15. 15 8. Urban transportation Automobile dominated transport Automobile dominated transport Over-emphasis on individual freedom. Over-emphasis on individual freedom. Lack of public transport Lack of public transport Inadequate transport facilities Inadequate transport facilities Crowding Crowding High energy transport High energy transport

16. 16 9. Differentiated Settlement patterns High-rise buildings High-rise buildings Middle class housing Middle class housing Slums in cities Slums in cities Lack of density in rural areas Lack of density in rural areas Global and local scale Global and local scale

17. 17 10. Failures of modern Urban planning Failed to solve problems of housing, transport, services Failed to solve problems of housing, transport, services Created problems of energy, environment and expensive economies. Created problems of energy, environment and expensive economies. Failed to think of urbanization as process. Failed to think of urbanization as process. Locked in physical planning, mechanistic approach, machine aesthetics and design of monotonous cityscapes Locked in physical planning, mechanistic approach, machine aesthetics and design of monotonous cityscapes Proved unsustainable and damaging to environment Proved unsustainable and damaging to environment

18. 18 Failed to address basic needs of people and social groups Failed to address basic needs of people and social groups Could not understand and address issues of social, cultural diversity Could not understand and address issues of social, cultural diversity Proved short sighted and autocratic Proved short sighted and autocratic Cities created huge wastes, and wasted resources. Cities created huge wastes, and wasted resources. Generated waste-lands. Generated waste-lands. Caused large scale destruction of natural habitats and deforestation Caused large scale destruction of natural habitats and deforestation

19. 19 Evolution of Natural Environment Evolution is very long and slow process Evolution is very long and slow process Responsive to natural conditions Responsive to natural conditions Geography Geography Climate Climate Natural selection Natural selection Calamities Calamities Adaptation by species Adaptation by species Fluctuation in diversity Fluctuation in diversity

20. 20 Evolution is a creative process of generating diversity. Evolution is a creative process of generating diversity. It is achieved through cooperation, co- development and symbiosis of variety of plant and animal species. It is achieved through cooperation, co- development and symbiosis of variety of plant and animal species. Living forms and environments help each other. Environments create life forms on earth. Living forms and environments help each other. Environments create life forms on earth. Adaptation is a process of interacting with environments so as to sustain both the species and its environment. Adaptation is a process of interacting with environments so as to sustain both the species and its environment.

21. 21 Successful species use resources of environment as well as contribute to the evolution of environment. Successful species use resources of environment as well as contribute to the evolution of environment. Accumulation of rich natural resources, bio-diversity and increase in bio-mass are the strategies for rich environments. Accumulation of rich natural resources, bio-diversity and increase in bio-mass are the strategies for rich environments.

22. 22 Understanding interdependency of Urbanization and Environment. Modern Urbanization destroyed natural ecosystems Modern Urbanization destroyed natural ecosystems Loss of natural Ecosystem is creating urban crisis. Loss of natural Ecosystem is creating urban crisis. This knowledge itself is useful This knowledge itself is useful To reflect on our behaviour and make suitable corrections in our planning strategies. To reflect on our behaviour and make suitable corrections in our planning strategies. True Urbanization can help heal the damage and revitalise the depleted environment. True Urbanization can help heal the damage and revitalise the depleted environment.

23. 23 Aims of True Urbanism To Respect Natural Recourses To Respect Natural Recourses Conservation Conservation Preservation Preservation Restoration Restoration Learn from nature Learn from nature

24. 24 3 R Strategy for Design Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Water Water Electricity Electricity Materials Materials Resources Resources

25. 25 Strategy for Design Build / preserve dense communities. Build / preserve dense communities. Reduce private transport. Reduce private transport. Increase Public transport Increase Public transport Harmonise culture with nature Harmonise culture with nature Restore lost plentitude of nature Restore lost plentitude of nature Maintain natural capital Maintain natural capital Spend frugally and invest wisely Spend frugally and invest wisely Establish healthy relationship with the environment Establish healthy relationship with the environment