1. 1 Numerical Methods Solution of Systems of Linear Equations

2. 2 Vector, Matrices, and Linear Equations

3. 3 VECTORS

4. 4 MATRICES

5. 5 MATRICES

6. 6 Determinant of a MATRICES

7. 7 Adding and Multiplying Matrices

8. 8 Systems of Linear Equations

9. 9 Solutions of Linear Equations

10. 10 Solutions of Linear Equations  A set of equations is inconsistent if there exists no solution to the system of equations:

11. 11 Solutions of Linear Equations  Some systems of equations may have infinite number of solutions

12. 12 Graphical Solution of Systems of Linear Equations Solution x 1 =1, x 2 =2

13. 13 Cramer’s Rule is Not Practical

14. 14  Naive Gaussian Elimination  Examples Lecture 13 Naive Gaussian Elimination

15. 15 Naive Gaussian Elimination  The method consists of two steps: Forward Elimination: the system is reduced to upper triangular form. A sequence of elementary operations is used. Backward Substitution: Solve the system starting from the last variable.

16. 16 Elementary Row Operations  Adding a multiple of one row to another  Multiply any row by a non-zero constant

17. 17 Example Forward Elimination

18. 18 Example Forward Elimination

19. 19 Example Forward Elimination

20. 20 Example Backward Substitution

21. 21 Forward Elimination

22. 22 Forward Elimination

23. 23 Backward Substitution

24. 24  Summary of the Naive Gaussian Elimination  Example  Problems with Naive Gaussian Elimination Failure due to zero pivot element Error  Pseudo-Code Naive Gaussian Elimination

25. 25 Naive Gaussian Elimination oThe method consists of two steps oForward Elimination: the system is reduced to upper triangular form. A sequence of elementary operations is used. oBackward Substitution: Solve the system starting from the last variable. Solve for x n,x n-1,…x 1.

26. 26 Example 1

27. 27 Example 1

28. 28 Example 1 Backward Substitution

29. 29 Determinant

30. 30 How Many Solutions Does a System of Equations AX=B Have?

31. 31 Examples

32. Pseudo-Code: Forward Elimination Do k = 1 to n-1 Do i = k+1 to n factor = a i,k / a k,k Do j = k+1 to n a i,j = a i,j – factor * a k,j End Do b i = b i – factor * b k End Do 32

33. Pseudo-Code: Back Substitution x n = b n / a n,n Do i = n-1 downto 1 sum = b i Do j = i+1 to n sum = sum – a i,j * x j End Do x i = sum / a i,i End Do 33

34. 34 Gaussian Elimination with Scaled Partial Pivoting  Problems with Naive Gaussian Elimination  Definitions and Initial step  Forward Elimination  Backward substitution  Example

35. 35 Problems with Naive Gaussian Elimination oThe Naive Gaussian Elimination may fail for very simple cases. (The pivoting element is zero). oVery small pivoting element may result in serious computation errors

36. 36 Example 2

37. 37 Example 2 Initialization step Scale vector: disregard sign find largest in magnitude in each row

38. 38 Why Index Vector?  Index vectors are used because it is much easier to exchange a single index element compared to exchanging the values of a complete row.  In practical problems with very large N, exchanging the contents of rows may not be practical.

39. 39 Example 2 Forward Elimination-- Step 1: eliminate x1

40. 40 Example 2 Forward Elimination-- Step 1: eliminate x1 First pivot equation

41. 41 Example 2 Forward Elimination-- Step 2: eliminate x2

42. 42 Example 2 Forward Elimination-- Step 3: eliminate x3 Third pivot equation

43. 43 Example 2 Backward Substitution

44. 44 Example 3

45. 45 Example 3 Initialization step

46. 46 Example 3 Forward Elimination-- Step 1: eliminate x1

47. 47 Example 3 Forward Elimination-- Step 1: eliminate x1

48. 48 Example 3 Forward Elimination-- Step 2: eliminate x2

49. 49 Example 3 Forward Elimination-- Step 2: eliminate x2

50. 50 Example 3 Forward Elimination-- Step 3: eliminate x3

51. 51 Example 3 Forward Elimination-- Step 3: eliminate x3

52. 52 Example 3 Backward Substitution

53. 53 How Do We Know If a Solution is Good or Not Given AX=B X is a solution if AX-B=0 Compute the residual vector R= AX-B Due to rounding error, R may not be zero

54. 54 How Good is the Solution?

55. 55 Remarks:  We use index vector to avoid the need to move the rows which may not be practical for large problems.  If we order the equation as in the last value of the index vector, we have a triangular form.  Scale vector is formed by taking maximum in magnitude in each row.  Scale vector does not change.  The original matrices A and B are used in checking the residuals.

56. 56 Tridiagonal & Banded Systems and Gauss-Jordan Method  Tridiagonal Systems  Diagonal Dominance  Tridiagonal Algorithm  Examples  Gauss-Jordan Algorithm

57. 57 Tridiagonal Systems:  The non-zero elements are in the main diagonal, super diagonal and subdiagonal.  a ij =0 if |i-j| > 1 Tridiagonal Systems

58. 58  Occur in many applications  Needs less storage (4n-2 compared to n 2 +n for the general cases)  Selection of pivoting rows is unnecessary (under some conditions)  Efficiently solved by Gaussian elimination Tridiagonal Systems

59. 59  Based on Naive Gaussian elimination.  As in previous Gaussian elimination algorithms Forward elimination step Backward substitution step  Elements in the super diagonal are not affected.  Elements in the main diagonal, and B need updating Algorithm to Solve Tridiagonal Systems

60. 60 Tridiagonal System

61. 61 Diagonal Dominance

62. 62 Diagonal Dominance

63. 63 Diagonally Dominant Tridiagonal System  A tridiagonal system is diagonally dominant if  Forward Elimination preserves diagonal dominance

64. 64 Solving Tridiagonal System

65. 65 Example

66. 66 Example

67. 67 Example Backward Substitution  After the Forward Elimination:  Backward Substitution:

68. 68 Gauss-Jordan Method  The method reduces the general system of equations AX=B to IX=B where I is an identity matrix.  Only Forward elimination is done and no backward substitution is needed.  It has the same problems as Naive Gaussian elimination and can be modified to do partial scaled pivoting.  It takes 50% more time than Naive Gaussian method.

69. 69 Gauss-Jordan Method Example

70. 70 Gauss-Jordan Method Example

71. 71 Gauss-Jordan Method Example

72. 72 Gauss-Jordan Method Example