1. Sound

2. Diegetic sound Part of the cinematic ‘world’ E.G. natural sounds Non-diegetic sound Not part of the cinematic ‘world’ E.G. background music

3. Diegetic Sound Actual natural sounds caught on location or Foley: a scene’s aural design is manipulated in post-production

4. Use of Sound Atmosphere Create the diegetic space Create meaning Steer narrative Suggest presence/absence – e.g. offscreen Compliment or contrast with the image Can be used to bridge/juxtapose scenes

5. Quality of sound Volume Timbre Pitch Processed : Distorted/echo/clear/etc Use of instruments Chords

6. Does the use of sound: Help locate the action – e.g. a war zone? Paths of Glory – Stanley Kubrick, 1957

7. Does the use of sound: Help us to build a diegetic geography? Casablanca – Michael Curtiz, 1942

8. Does the use of sound: Compliment or contradict the image?

9. Does the use of sound: Subliminally influence our emotional response to character?

10. Does the use of sound: Shock or surprise us – say in a sudden cut to a shot with high volume?

11. Does the use of sound: Work to make us anticipate – e.g. using a J- cut? Or leave a sound lingering (haunting?) using an L-cut?

12. Does the use of sound: Signify genre?

13. Does the use of sound: Signify a character’s state of mind? The Innocents – Jack Clayton, 1961

14. Does the use of sound: Signify the presence of an off-screen character?

15. Use of sound links http://filmsound.org/marshall/ http://classes.yale.edu/film- analysis/htmfiles/sound.htm http://classes.yale.edu/film- analysis/htmfiles/sound.htm http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=em9QfKQUPl Y http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=em9QfKQUPl Y http://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2008 /jul/17/ahistoryofsoundinfilmabr http://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2008 /jul/17/ahistoryofsoundinfilmabr