1. ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Five Part 2 Sikhism

2. ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Origins of Sikhism Began in Punjab—region known for conflicts and attempted resolutions between Hindus and Muslims Began in Punjab—region known for conflicts and attempted resolutions between Hindus and Muslims Founder—Nanak (1469-1539) Founder—Nanak (1469-1539) Hindu, married with two children Hindu, married with two children Discussed religion with Islamic friend, Mardana Discussed religion with Islamic friend, Mardana Experience of revelation Experience of revelation 3 days in forest 3 days in forest Taken into presence of the “True Name” God Taken into presence of the “True Name” God Claimed when you meet the True Name God, there is no Hindu or Muslim Claimed when you meet the True Name God, there is no Hindu or Muslim

3. ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Sikhism’s Early Beginnings After revelation experience, Nanak and Mardana traveled together preaching and seeking sikhs (disciples) After revelation experience, Nanak and Mardana traveled together preaching and seeking sikhs (disciples) Nanak’s clothing blended religious elements from both religions, symbolizing his concept of a blended religion Nanak’s clothing blended religious elements from both religions, symbolizing his concept of a blended religion After Mardana’s death, as his own death approached, Nanak chose a successor. After Mardana’s death, as his own death approached, Nanak chose a successor. Nanak is known as Guru Nanak, the first of 10 Sikh Gurus. Nanak is known as Guru Nanak, the first of 10 Sikh Gurus. Early commentators saw Sikhism as a blending of the two religions, but the modern view is a totally different and separate religion. Early commentators saw Sikhism as a blending of the two religions, but the modern view is a totally different and separate religion.

4. ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Nanak’s and Sikhism’s Worldview and Beliefs Monotheism—one god—True Name Monotheism—one god—True Name True Name God has personal qualities and dwells inside each individual True Name God has personal qualities and dwells inside each individual Accepted karma and reincarnation Accepted karma and reincarnation Saw humans as composites of body and spirit Saw humans as composites of body and spirit Accepted meat eating—animal world was created for humanity’s use Accepted meat eating—animal world was created for humanity’s use Saw a strong social responsibility component to religion—organized sangats (religious groups) to help people in need Saw a strong social responsibility component to religion—organized sangats (religious groups) to help people in need

5. ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Development of Sikhism Ten human gurus through 2 stages of development Ten human gurus through 2 stages of development 1 st stage of development 1 st stage of development First 4 gurus—Nanak, Angad, Amar Das, Ram Das First 4 gurus—Nanak, Angad, Amar Das, Ram Das Hymns written & religious communities organized Hymns written & religious communities organized Headquarters established in Amritsar Headquarters established in Amritsar 2 nd stage of development 2 nd stage of development Consolidation and religious definition Consolidation and religious definition 5 th guru, Arjan, built the Golden Temple and its surrounding pond at Amritsar 5 th guru, Arjan, built the Golden Temple and its surrounding pond at Amritsar Arjan collected hymns into Adi Granth Arjan collected hymns into Adi Granth Arjan tortured to death by Muslim emperor Jahangir Arjan tortured to death by Muslim emperor Jahangir

6. ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Development of Sikhism 2 nd stage of development continued 2 nd stage of development continued 6 th guru, Har Gobind, influenced by death of Arjan, set up bodyguard and established defenses 6 th guru, Har Gobind, influenced by death of Arjan, set up bodyguard and established defenses Har Gobind abandoned the idea of ahimsa and started wearing a sword Har Gobind abandoned the idea of ahimsa and started wearing a sword Growing militancy averted persecution during reigns of 7 th guru, Har Rai, and 8 th guru, Harkishan Growing militancy averted persecution during reigns of 7 th guru, Har Rai, and 8 th guru, Harkishan 9 th guru, Tegh Bahadur, imprisoned and decapitated by Muslim emperor Aurangzeb 9 th guru, Tegh Bahadur, imprisoned and decapitated by Muslim emperor Aurangzeb

7. ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Development of Sikhism 2 nd stage of development continued 2 nd stage of development continued 10 th guru, Gobind Rai, idealized the sword 10 th guru, Gobind Rai, idealized the sword Military strength earned him the name Gobind Singh “Gobind the lion” Military strength earned him the name Gobind Singh “Gobind the lion” Established the military order called the Khalsa Established the military order called the Khalsa Males within the Khalsa take the name Singh “lion” Males within the Khalsa take the name Singh “lion” With the Khalsa open to all castes, Gobind Singh ended all caste distinctions among Sikhs With the Khalsa open to all castes, Gobind Singh ended all caste distinctions among Sikhs Dying without a son to succeed him, Gobind Singh named the Adi Granth both his successor and the final permanent guru. Dying without a son to succeed him, Gobind Singh named the Adi Granth both his successor and the final permanent guru.

8. ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Sikh Khalsa Originally open only to men, but now to women too 5 practices called the five K’s Kesh—uncut hair, symbolic of the strength of the lion, Khalsa members do not cut their hair or beards, covering long hair with turbans Khanga—comb, used to hold the long hair in place Kach—special underwear, to indicate alertness and readiness to fight Kirpan—short sword, used for defense Kara—steel bracelet, a symbol of strength Also forbidden to use intoxicants of any kind

9. ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Sikh Scriptures Adi Granth—also called Guru Granth Sahib Adi Granth—also called Guru Granth Sahib Believed to contain the living spirits of Nanak and the gurus Believed to contain the living spirits of Nanak and the gurus Treated with reverence and respect—given the same respect shown to a living guru Treated with reverence and respect—given the same respect shown to a living guru Enshrined in some Sikh homes and in gurdwaras (temples) Enshrined in some Sikh homes and in gurdwaras (temples) Devout Sikhs read from it or recite from it from memory daily. Devout Sikhs read from it or recite from it from memory daily.

10. ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Sikh Scriptures Adi Granth—also called Guru Granth Sahib Adi Granth—also called Guru Granth Sahib 3 parts 3 parts 1 st part—Japji—long poem by Guru Nanak summarizing the religion 1 st part—Japji—long poem by Guru Nanak summarizing the religion 2 nd part contains 39 “rags” or tunes by Guru Nanak and other gurus 2 nd part contains 39 “rags” or tunes by Guru Nanak and other gurus 3 rd part is a collection of poems and hymns from Hindu, Muslim and Sikh gurus and saints 3 rd part is a collection of poems and hymns from Hindu, Muslim and Sikh gurus and saints