2. Review for standard 5 Evolution and Classification

3. Objective 1 Evolution and Biodiversity

4. a. Describe the effects of environmental factors on natural selection.

5. How did DNA discoveries help evolution? Remember biochemistry Now we could look at similarities in DNA sequences and revise how things are evolutionary trees.

6. What do you remember about Darwin? Natural selection Galapagos islands – 1800s - finches Isolation – Geographic and Reproductive Adaptive - Radiation

7. Did Darwin create the evolution theory by himself? Explain. No. He used ideas of others Bonus -Like who? Wallace.

8. Natural slection Natural selection is based on factors in the environment Selecting for desirable traits Survival and reproductive success.

9. Selective breeding Also called Artificial selection Breeder/farmer chooses only the best animals or crops Examples Corn Hybrid Race horses Shetland pony Siamese cat Humans selecting for desirable traits

10. b. Genetic variability to species potential for adaptation Sexual reproduction ->Meiosis ->more variation -> increase chance of adapting and surviving in a changing environment Populations evolve – NOT individuals

11. c. Relate reproductive isolation to speciation

12. What is geographic Isolation separation due to a physical barrier like a river or mountain divides a population eventually leading to speciation –

13. Geographic/Reproductive isolation Example is frogs separated by a mountain Or Darwin’s finches on different islands What can this lead to? Speciation. What is speciation? No longer interbreed and produce fertile offspring

14. Reproductive Isolation What is it? two organisms become isolated reproductively. What does this lead to? Speciation What is speciation? so different (for whatever reason) that they can no longer interbreed and produce fertile offspring. This is what happened with Darwin’s finches.

15. What happens during geographic or reproductive isolation? Divergent or convergent evolution? Divergent evolution

16. Reproductive isolation that lead to speciation Geographic barriers And Temporal barriers (reproduce at different times of the year)

17. Objective 2: Cite evidence for changed in populations over time and use concepts of evolution to explain these changes

18. a. Evidence that supporta biological evolution over time

19. This idea of Evolution by natural selection was originally not accepted but is now accepted because there is a lots of evidence that supports his theory What type of evidence supports the theory of evolution? Fossils Anatomy Embryology DNA Vestigial structures Structural Adaptations Physiological Adaptations.

20. 1. fossils Best evidence for evolution Many different types Bones are a type of fossil

21. How do you determine the age of a fossil? Relative dating – relative age based on layers. Radiometric dating – exact age

22. 2 and 3. DNA - Biochemistry Evidence that present species developed from earlier forms. For example - AUG codes for methionine in all living things Why would I not care about one single mutation in a population. Survival is not threatened by this as there are ways usually ways to adapt

23. #4 Comparative anatomy

24. #4a.. Vestigial structures

25. Vestigial structures

26. Wings of flightless birds No predators – no need to fly

27. Humans Appendix Tail bone

28. #4b. - Homologous Structures (common ancestor? Or not?) Similar in arrangement, function or both. – COMMON ANCESTOR Divergent evolution

29. - #4 c.Analogous Structures (common ancestor? Or not?) Body parts are similar in function but – DO NOT HAVE COMMON ANCESTOR Convergent evolution

30. #4 d. Embryology. The presence of what two things in early vertebrates shows that they have a common ancestor?

31. What the crap is this?

32. 4 Indicator species – not on core but kind of cool "indicator animals" meaning that their health and well being is directly connected to the health of their environment.

35. This is definitely messed up

36. 4. structural adaptation? Camouflage and mimicry

37. 5. What is a physiological adaptation? Bacteria – resistant to antibiotics Insects – resistance to insectiside (We can see evolution happening in right before our eyes

38. What is relative dating? Fossils in deeper rock layers are older than those found closer to the surface. This idea makes the assumpion that in the past, layers of sediment were deposited on top of each other the same as it is today.

39. If I find fossils of coral in one of these layers then I assume what? The area was once covered by an ocean Further evidence could include something like fossilized shark teeth.

40. Objective 3 Classify organisms into a hierarchy of groups based on similarities that reflect their evolutionary reltionships

41. What is taxonomy? A way to classify and organize things

42. a. Classify organisms using a classification tool such as a key or field guid Dichotomous key

43. Dichotymous Key – what is this? 1. Round............go to 2 Square..............go to 3 2. Two legs......... go to 4 Four legs......... go to 5 3. Skin is purple...... Whatever Skin is Green.........I don’t crap 4. Two Antanae......I don’t care Four Antanae........Dork 5. Curly Hair...........I don’t know No Hair.......... Baldy

44. Key to Common Evergreens 1a. Leaves linear, needle-like or scale like..……….2 1b. Leaves broad, not needle-like nor scale-like….5 2a. Leaves needle-like………………………………..3 2b. Leaves scale-like………………………………….Red Cedar 3a. Leaves in groups of 2 or 3………………………..4 3b. Leaves in groups of 5……………………………..Eastern White Pine 4a. Leaves in groups of 2……………………………..Virginia Pine 4b. Leaves in groups of 3……………………………..Loblolly Pine 5a. Leaf margin smooth……………………………….Magnolia 5b. Leaf margin spiny…………………………………..American Holly

45. Dichotomous Tree Finder A. Does the tree have NEEDLES…Go To D A. Does the tree have LEAVES…Go To B B. Are the leaves SIMPLE…Go To C B. Are the leaves COMPOUND…Go To C C. Is the branching OPPOSITE…Go To E C. Is the branching ALLTERNATE…Go To F D. Are the needles scale like - conifer D. Needles sharp and pointe - pine E. Are the leaf veins palmate - maple E. Are the leaf veins pinnate - ash F. Are the leaf edges serated (toothed) - Service berry F.Are the leaf edges lobed – oak University of Kentucky – Cooperative Extension Service Amelanchier canadensis An abbreviated example

46. b. Generalize criteria used for classification Dichotomy Structure Broad to specific

47. Name the taxas start with Kingdom Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Which is most DIS- similar (broadest group) from each other ? Toward Top - Kingdom Which ones are the most SIMILAR (most specific) Towards bottom (Species)

48. What is binomial nomenclature Two-word scientific naming system created by Linnaeus (scientific name) First word is? genus, second word is? Species - a descriptor Homo sapien – Homo = Genus – sapien - species

49. Whittiker – 5 kingdoms Can you name them? Plant Animal Fungi Protist Monera (bacteria)

50. 6 kingdom Same but monera (bacteria) is divided into two groups Eubacteria Archaebacteria – survive in harsh environments

51. Changes, changes, changes Why do we keep changing things? Science always revises its ideas as new evidence is discovered

52. What is the longest era? Precambrian What is the shortest era? Cenazoic

53. Time line Time line - one million years equals one meter. Problem? The time line will be too long to fit in the classroom. – earth = 4.6 billion years old

54. Dichotomous keys

55. Does science ever change? Explain Yes. - Think of the classification systems Carolus Linnaeus – 2 word naming system Robert Whittaker – 5 kingdom system And now??? 6 kingdoms ????? Why all the changes? As we find out more stuff (more evidence), we have to revise old theories