1. EDGE Outreach Chlorine Generator Lonna Edwards (ECE), Zachary Russo (ECE), Ryan Shamel (ECE) Mark Hogg, Executive Director; Bob Browning, Field Operations; 1500 Arlington Avenue; Louisville, KY 40206

2. Trapped on an island?!

3. The Three Necessities of Survival Food, shelter, but most importantly: clean water!!!

4. System Purpose Develop test procedures for EDGE Outreach that will enable the organization to produce a facility that can determine the quality of its chlorine generators used during water purification relief in third world countries. Examine: pH, voltage, current, temperature, turbidity, salinity, content of chlorine within a water supply, and the electrolysis process to determine water quality. Develop cost-efficient, timely, and feasible procedures that can be used by non-technical workers. The system will include test procedures, equipment, as well as software needed to document the collected data. Training will be given to EDGE employees to ensure correct implementation of test procedures.

5. Global Epidemic

6. Frightening Statistics

7. “More children die from bad water than war”

8. EDGE Overview

9. Water Purification Humble beginnings in Africa John Snow links cholera to water contamination in 1800’s Louis Pasteur discovers the ‘germ’ in the late 1800’s Water purification for the masses in London, Chicago, and New Jersey

10. Electrolysis Process Chlorine generators function due to electrolysis Sodium chloride (NaCl, commonly known as table salt) is dissolved in a reservoir of water to make an aqueous sodium chloride solution. The aqueous sodium chloride solution is circulated by a pump past an anode and a cathode. The current between the anode and cathode breaks the chemical bond between the sodium and chloride ions.

11. Chlorine Generator Overview

13. Test Procedure

14. Initial Setup Run multiple tests to get the proper calibration on a Vernier Colorimeter Run the chlorine generator for a set amount of time and measure the chlorine level with the Vernier and the Hach colorimeters We will compare to a Hach Colorimeter that is already calibrated

15. Solution Preparation NaOH Mixed with RO water 1%,2%,5%,10%,15% by weight NaCl Mixed with water 1%,2%,5%,10%,15% by weight Colorimeter reagent Packet reagent

16. Static Testing Potentiostat Measure current vs. voltage Measured from a sample that is placed in the NaOH solution Will measure all the solutions to compare the curves to one another Graphs the data in a cyclic voltammetry curve

17. Dynamic Testing Temperature Measured in the Cathode side Voltage across the cell Place the sensors in each side of the chlorine generator Current through the cell

18. Dynamic Testing From Samples Turbidity Used to measure the quality of the RO water being used Colorimetry Measures chlorine from a purified water sample Ph Used to characterize NaOH and NaCl solutions Salinity Used to characterize NaCl solution

19. System Diagram – Chlorine Generator

20. Additional Sensors

21. Major Components Chlorine Generator Instrumentation Management Interface Display/ Data Management System (DDMS)

22. Measurements Turbidity Temperature pH: Na, Cl, OH, NaCL concentrations Current Voltage Chlorine Gas generated Salinity

23. Turbidity Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of water that is caused by individual particles (suspended solids) that cannot typically be viewed Units of turbidity are NTU It is very important to measure turbidity during water purification processes The amount of hypochlorite/chlorine gas required for safe drinking water changes with different turbidity levels Reference: Sodium Hypochlorite Dosage for Household and Emergency Water Treatment, Daniele Lantagne, AWAA Journal Volume 100:8, pgs. 106-119,August, 2008.

24. Instrumentation-Turbidity Sensor Water sample which was purified by using the chlorine generator that is being tested will be placed into the turbidity sensor We will be using Vernier Turbidity Sensor which can measure from 0 to 200 NTU. 1 NTU is standard for unfiltered drinking water, 0.5 NTU for filtered

25. Instrumentation - Voltage Probe Voltage probe will be connected to the chlorine generator to measure approximately 12V across electrodes We will be using Vernier 30 Volts Voltage Probe which is able to measure voltages in the range of -30 to 30 Volts

26. Instrumentation - Current Sensor Current sensor will be connected to the 12VDC Power Supply We will use Vernier High Current Sensor The High Current Sensor has a range of ±10 A

27. Instrumentation - pH Sensor The PH sensor will be placed into a reservoir with water which was purified by using the chlorine generator that is being tested We will be using Vernier PH sensor

28. Instrumentation - Salinity Sensor Salinity sensor will be placed in the reservoir with water The Salinity Sensor easily and precisely measures the total dissolved salt content in an aqueous solution We will be using Vernier Salinity sensor This sensor has range of 0 to 50,000 ppm Drinking water salinity should be < 3,000 ppm

29. Instrumentation-Temperature Sensor Temperature probe will be placed in the reservoir with water We will be using Vernier Stainless Steel Temperature Probe, which has a range of -40 to 273 F

30. Additional Instrumentation In addition, we will also be using a colorimeter and potentiostat These additional sensors will allow us to further characterize the chlorine generator

31. Instrumentation - Colorimeter The colorimeter will be used to test the amount of chlorine generated We sill be using a Vernier colorimeter 4 wavelength 5VDC, 25 mV Supply Voltage 40 mV Supply Current

32. Instrumentation - Potentiostat We will use a potentiostat to create graphs of voltage vs. current We are using an Arduino potentiostat

33. Management Interface All sensors will be plugged into an interface card We will be using 2 SensorDAQ USB interface cards, which are made by National Instruments. Turbidity Sensor PH Sensor Salinity Sensor Voltage Probe Current Sensor Temp Probe USB to DDMS

34. Display/Data Management System (DDMS) The management interface cards will communicate with a PC running DDMS which will be based on LabVIEW Below is an example of DDMS features

35. Current Status Continuing to develop LabVIEW code needed to display test results Developed full test procedures needed to characterize the chlorine generator Started testing for pH, turbidity, salinity and temperature

36. Moving Forward Complete LabVIEW code needed to display all tests being performed Complete testing for voltage, current and free chlorine Begin mixing different solutions for testing Determine best case for functional use

37. Image References Edgeoutreach.com Unicef.com Afpak.foreignpolicy.com Flickr.com

38. Questions?