1. CORE Congress of Racial Equality Sahibah Zehra Kugshia

2. ● CORE was found in 1942 by a group of interracial students in Chicago. ● CORE opposed segregation and fought for equal rights for all. ● They organized freedom rides and sit-ins to test the enforcement of equality.

3. Founders of CORE James Farmer George Houser Bernice Fisher Homer Jack ● The founders of CORE also include Joe Guinn and James Robinson ● They were strongly influenced by Gandhi.

4. Expanding CORE ● CORE began publicly protesting in 1942. ● James Farmer and Bayard Rustin, a civil rights activist, traveled across the country to recruit members. Bayard Rustin ● Many of their early recruits were white middle-classed students from the Midwest.

5. Sit-ins ● Sit-ins were non-violent forms of protest, organized by CORE, that took place through out the United States from the 1940's to the late 1960's. ● Groups of African American students would stay seated in “white-only” public facilities, for example a restaurant, until they were either catered to or forcibly removed. ● Sit-ins still take place throughout the country.

6. ● Many Facilities in the Upper South began to integrate due to the sit-ins. ● The first Sit-in was in 1943, but it wasn't until the 1960's that sit-ins became so widespread. 1961 sit-in at a dept. store

7. Greensboro Sit-in ● One of the most famous sit-ins took place in Greensboro, North Carolina at a Woolworth's store lunch counter. ● It started on February 1, 1961 with four African American students staying seated after being refused to be served. David Richmond, Franklin McCain, E zell Blair, and Joseph McNeil The four students at the sit-in

8. ● Each day more students came in to protest and by February 6, 1961 the lunch counter was filled with hundred of protesters. ● A bomb threat forced them out and caused the place to close down for more than two weeks. Opposing Whites pour food/drin ks over protestor s ● This was the first sit-in to cause such a up- stir in the media and in the minds of Black and White Americans.

9. ● In April of 1947 a group of interracial students took a bus ride to the Upper South to test a Supreme Court decision that stated “segregation on interstate buses unconstitutional.” Members of The Journey of Reconciliation Journey of Recounciliation

10. ● Some of the members were arrested and forced to work on a chain gang. ● It was not able to get the result that was expected by CORE. ● Though unsuccessful, it inspired Americans to participate in Freedom Rides. Protestors against segregation.

11. Freedom Rides ● Freedom Rides were meant to test the enforcement of integration laws that were being passed. ● Thee first Freedom Ride took place May 4, 1961 to test the Boyton vs. Virginia ruling that integrated bus terminals and other traveling facilities. ● The effect of this freedom ride caused many more freedom rides to occur in different parts of the country.

12. ● Into the second week of the Ride the Riders were attacked and brutally beatened. ● Outside of Alabama, one of their buses were burned. An attacked Rider The Riders bus burning ● These acts only provoked more Americans and pressured the President to take action.

13. ● More Americans began to participate in sit-ins, freedom rides, and protests,soon many laws were passed against segregation due to these acts. ● CORE continued fighting for voting rights, equal job rights, prevention of AID, and many more things. After the 60's ● CORE has strongly influenced American history and continues to do so.

14. Timeline 1942 CORE is established 1943 first organized sit-in 1956 law passed integrating traveling facilities Feb. 1960 Woolworth's sit-in takes place July 1960 First Black eats at Woolworth's 1961 First freedom ride 1947 The Journey of Recounciliation 1963 Many restaurants and public facilities integrated

15. Bibliography Rabby, Glenda. The Pain and the Promise. University of Georgia Press, 1999. Freedom Rides. IWFR. The History of CORE. CORE