1. Medieval Europe Chapter 19 Section 4 The Church and Society

2. I. Religion and Society A. The Cistercian order were monks who farmed, worshiped, and prayed. The most famous Cistercian monk was Bernard of Clairvaux.

3. I. Religion and Society B. Many women, mostly from the nobility, entered convents between A.D. 1000 and 1200 and became nuns. Hildegard of Bingen was a famous nun who composed music for the Church.

4. I. Religion and Society C. Monks lived in religious communities called monasteries. Friars were different. They traveled around the world to preach and lived by begging.

5. History Believed to have started in the 7th or 8th centuries CE, three initial forms of tonsure existed in the Catholic faith--shaving the entire head (Eastern Orthodox), shaving from the forehead back to ears (Celtic) and shaving the top of the head, leaving a ring, or crown of hair (Roman). Reason When tonsure first started, typically freemen had long hair and slaves had shaved hair. Friars who shaved their heads did so to demonstrate that they were slaves to God. Sporting a shaved head also made them immediately recognizable to others as clergy.

6. Tonsure

7. I. Religion and Society D. Francis of Assisi founded the first order of friars, who became known as Franciscans. The Dominican order was founded by Dominic de Guzman.

8. I. Religion and Society E. In medieval Europe, daily life revolved around the Catholic Church. Priests conducted religious services, ran schools and hospitals, performed weddings and conducted burials, and recorded births. People went to church to partake in the sacraments, or Church rituals.

9. I. Religion and Society F. Saints were holy men and women who had died. Mary, the mother of Jesus, was the most honored saint. G. The Catholic Church tried to end heresy by establishing a court called the Inquisition.

10. I. Religion and Society People brought to the Inquisition were urged to confess to heresy. If they confessed, they were punished and allowed to return to the Church. If they did not confess, they were tortured until they confessed or were executed.

15. I. Religion and Society H. Leaders of the Catholic Church persecuted Jews. Christians blamed Jews for economic problems.

16. I. Religion and Society Hatred of Jews is called anti-Semitism. In much of Western Europe, Jews lost rights and were forced to move to Poland and other Eastern European countries.

17. II. Medieval Culture A. Architecture of the Middle Ages reflected the importance of religion. People built large churches, called cathedrals. Two popular architectural styles of that time are called Romanesque and Gothic.

18. II. Medieval Culture B. Oxford University was one of the first universities established in Europe. University students studied grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy for four to six years. C. College graduates could continue their education and earn a doctorate in law, medicine, or theology, the study of religion and God.

19. II. Medieval Culture D. Thomas Aquinas was a Dominican friar and priest. He was famous for his contribution to scholasticism. This was a new way of thinking that changed theology studies.

20. II. Medieval Culture Aquinas combined Church teachings with the idea of Aristotle. He also wrote about natural law, which is the belief that some laws are part of human nature.

21. II. Medieval Culture E. Latin was the language of education people in Europe during the Middle Ages. Everyday languages of local people were called vernacular.

22. II. Medieval Culture F. Vernacular literature began in the Middle Ages. Troubadour poetry and heroic epic, two types of vernacular literature, became popular in the educated class. The Song of Roland is about a knight named Roland who fights against the Muslims.