1. Slide # 1 Experimental Psychology

2. Slide # 2 Special Areas in Psychology Experimental Clinical Counseling School Emotional Developmental Personality Social Environmental Industrial/ Organizational Health Consumer

3. Slide # 3 Experimental Psychology Research on learning, cognition, sensation, perception Biological basis of both human and animal behavior

4. Slide # 4 Clinical Psychologists They treat people with psychological problems like depression and schizophrenia They administer tests, counsel, and conduct research Psychiatrists

5. Slide # 5 Counseling Psychologists They help people clarify their goals and make life decisions The school setting

6. Slide # 6 Educational Psychologists They study issues relating to the measurement of intelligence and the processes involved in educational and academic achievement They usually work in schools and conduct research

7. Slide # 7 Developmental Psychologists They focus on processes that influence social, cognitive, and physical growth, as well as personality development They study both “nature” and “nurture”

8. Slide # 8 Personality Psychologists They study the psychological characteristics and behavior that distinguishes us as individuals They examine personality traits

9. Slide # 9 Social Psychologists They study how specific groups or society in general can influence individual behavior and outlook Research focuses on attitudes, prejudice, conformity, obedience

10. Slide # 10 Environmental Psychologists They study relationships between psychological factors and physical health

11. Slide # 11 Industrial/ Organizational Psychologists They study people’s behavior at work or school Conduct research in academic/work settings Human factors research

12. Slide # 12 Health Psychologists They focus on the relationship between psychological factors and physical health How to quit smoking, avoiding risky sexual behavior

13. Slide # 13 Consumer Psychologists They study why people purchase particular products and brands They examine consumer attitudes

14. Slide # 14 Early Researchers

15. Slide # 15 Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) He used introspection as a research technique Wundt’s lab

16. Slide # 16 Edward Titchener (1867–1927) Structuralism (an early school of psychology) The mind is structured by breaking down mental experiences into their components G. Stanley Hall, American Psychological Association

17. Slide # 17 William James and Functionalism The school of psychology that focuses on the adaptive functions of behavior The study of why we do what we do The influence of Darwin

18. Slide # 18 John Watson Behaviorism—the study of overt behavior He rejected introspection Psychology should become a science of behavior Environment molds the behavior of us all

19. Slide # 19 B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) Behaviorism gets a boost from Skinner Behavior is shaped by rewards and punishment

20. Slide # 20 Gestalt Psychology Max Wertheimer Gestalt studies the ways in which the brain organizes and structures our perceptions The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

21. Slide # 21 Sigmund Freud The unconscious mind We do and say things without understanding our motives

22. Slide # 22 The Empirical Approach A method of developing knowledge based on gathering evidence, performing experiments, or careful observation Psychologists need to distinguish between inference and observation

23. Slide # 23 The Scientific Method A framework for acquiring knowledge through observation and experimentation (4 steps) — Come up with a question — Develop a hypothesis — Gather evidence — Draw conclusions

24. Slide # 24 Research Questions Sources used: observation, previous experiences, beliefs Questions eventually become hypotheses

25. Slide # 25 The Hypothesis A precise prediction about the outcome of an experiment Example: Is there a relationship between reckless driving and gender? Dependent vs. independent variables

26. Slide # 26 Gathering Evidence Develop a research design or strategy to provide a scientific test of the hypothesis The type of research used depends on what a researcher wants to try to measure

27. Slide # 27 Drawing Conclusions About The Hypothesis Conclusions about the hypothesis are based on the evidence collected Statistics Replication

28. Slide # 28 Selecting a Sample Random sampling The sample needs to be representative Generalize or transfer

29. Slide # 29 Stratified Samples Selecting individuals from a larger group based on age, sex, ethnicity, etc.

30. Slide # 30 Research Methods The case study method The survey method The naturalistic observation method The experimental method The longitudinal method The cross sectional method

31. Slide # 31 The Case Study Method An in-depth study of one or more individuals Information collected from interviews, observation, written records, artwork The work of Jean Piaget

32. Slide # 32 The Artwork of Mental Patients Using artwork as a research tool

33. Slide # 33 Jose de Goya: Self Portrait

34. Slide # 34 The Stabbing

35. Slide # 35 William Blake: “Satan Comes To The Gates Of Hell”

36. Slide # 36 Self-Portraits: Joanne

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40. Slide # 40 Franz Messerschmidt

41. Slide # 41 Schizophrenic Boy

42. Slide # 42 Lonnie

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44. Slide # 44 Vincent Van Gogh

45. Slide # 45 Review If you were a psychologist, what general observations could you make about the artwork of mental patients? How are colors important in the psychology of art? Remembering the drawings made by Joanne. Explain how her progression of self- portraits reflects her psychological improvement.

46. Slide # 46 The Survey Method Uses structured interviews or questionnaires to gather information about groups of people Disadvantages

47. Slide # 47 Common Uses of and Concerns about the Survey Method Anonymity: Subjects may open up more than in other situations Studies about mental health or consumer satisfaction Social desirability bias and volunteer bias

48. Slide # 48 Naturalistic Observation Method Based on careful observation of behavior in natural settings without interfering What researchers have learned using this technique Problems

49. Slide # 49 Longitudinal Studies The same person or group of persons are studied at regular intervals over a period of time Used to determine whether people’s behavior/feelings have changed An example

50. Slide # 50 Cross-Sectional Studies Data is collected from groups of participants of different ages Data is compared, conclusions are drawn Advantages, disadvantages

51. Slide # 51 Correlations and Explanations Correlations: the measure of a relationship between two variables or sets of data Positive correlations between high IQ and good grades

52. Slide # 52 Correlations vs. Cause and Effect A correlation describes a relationship between two things; it does not mean that one causes the other There may be a third factor involved with positive correlations

53. Slide # 53 Correlation Types Correlation coefficient: a statistical measure of association between variables; it can vary from -1.00 to +1.00

54. Slide # 54 Benefits of a Correlational Method It offers clues to underlying causes of behavior It can identify people at risk for physical or behavioral problems It can increase understanding of relationships between variables or events

55. Slide # 55 The Experimental Method

56. Slide # 56 The Experimental Method Independent variables: factors manipulated in an experiment Dependent variables: the effects or outcomes of an experiment that are believed to be dependent on the values of the independent variables

57. Slide # 57 Application Look at the following photographs and decide which subjects you consider most attractive

58. Slide # 58 Gertrude

59. Slide # 59 Kristen

60. Slide # 60 Ethel

61. Slide # 61 Christine

62. Slide # 62 Maude

63. Slide # 63 Prudence

64. Slide # 64 Matilda

65. Slide # 65 Sheri

66. Slide # 66 Megan

67. Slide # 67 Gladys

68. Slide # 68 Evaluation Does the popularity of a woman’s name affect judgment of their physical attractiveness? The independent variable: type of name The dependent variable: ratings of attractiveness

69. Slide # 69 Control Groups Groups of participants in a research experiment who do not receive the experimental treatment or intervention Placebo effects

70. Slide # 70 Single-Blind Experiments Keeping subjects uninformed

71. Slide # 71 Double-blind Both the subject and the experimenter are kept uninformed

72. Slide # 72 Ethics In Research Stanley Schachter’s 1959 study on anxiety and affiliation

73. Slide # 73 Ethics in Research (cont.) How would you have felt if you were one of the subjects in the high-anxiety group? Should researchers be allowed to misrepresent their research?

74. Slide # 74 Deception Deception has been fairly common in psychological research since the 1960s, especially in the area of social psychology Deception is used to reduce problems associated with the placebo effect

75. Slide # 75 Animal Research Do the laws of behavior apply to both humans and animals? Animals are sometimes exposed to treatments that would be “unthinkable” to perform on humans

76. Slide # 76 Guidelines for Ethical Research Participation is voluntary No exposure to harmful procedures If deception is used, a full explanation should follow the session Privacy should not be violated Harmful procedures imposed on animals must not be allowed Approval from host institutions is necessary