1. Solar radiation measurement networks in Taiwan -With contributions from- Central Weather Bureau CWB) Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) Sheng-Hsiang (Carlo) Wang Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taiwan CARLO WANG 1 IPC-XII Davos

2. CARLO WANG 2 Super Typhoon Dujuan (Sept. 28, 2015)

3. Precipitation Climatology IPC-XII Davos CARLO WANG 3 Mean annual rainfall (mm) from 1981 to 2010 Taipei2405 mm Yilan2838 mm Taichung1773 mm Tainan1698 mm Kaohsiung1885 mm Hengchun2022 mm 400 km 200 km Taipei

4. Solar radiation measurements become more important….. Top 10 solar cell producing country in the world Roof-top solar power program by the Bureau of Energy, Taiwan, expecting a 6200 MW electricity output by the year of 2030 CARLO WANG 4 IPC-XII Davos

5. About my research 1.Aerosol Optical Depth Measurement (AERONET) 2.Lidar Measurement (Micro-Pulse Lidar) 3.Broad-band Radiation Measurement 4.Aerosol in-situ measurement 5.Radiative Transfer Modeling IPC-XII Davos CARLO WANG 5

6. Aerosol and Radiation Network IPC-XII Davos CARLO WANG 6 Doi Ang Khang Taiping Island Dongsha Island Dongyin Island Lulin NCU South China Sea

7. Since 2006 Lulin Atmospheric Background Station NCU Astronomy Observatory http://lulin.tw

8. 8 Instrument, Manufacturer, Model Aerosols Particle mass concentrationTEOM Particulate mass monitor, R&P, 1400 aerosol chemical components Aerosol sampling, R&P, 3500 Aerosol sampling, R&P, 2025D Radiation 7 spectral channelsSunphotoneter, Cimel, CE-318 6 spectral channels Shadow band, Yankee, MFR-7 UVAUVA, Solar Light, MODEL 501 UVBUV-Biometer, Solar Light, Total flux Solar/IR radiation sensor, MetOne, 96-1 Gases O3O3 Ozone analyzer, Ecotech, ML9810B COCO monitor, TraceAnalytical, TA-3000R COCO monitor, Horiba, APMA-360 CO 2 CO 2 analyzer, LI-COR, LI-7000 CFCsGas Chromatography, Agilent, HP6890N Mercury Gaseous Elemental MercuryCold Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Sepectrometry,Tekran, Reactive Gaseous MercuryMercury Speciation Unit, Tekran, 1130 Particulate MercuryParticulate Mercury Unit, Tekran, 1135 Precipitation chemistry Rainwater sampleRain sampler Weather VisibilityPresent Weather Detector, VAISALA, PWD22 Meteorological Monitoring System (Temp., Humidity, Press., Rain, Wind) MetOne OPERATING UNDER WMO-GAW/NOAA PROTOCOLS

9. Aerosol & radiation Instruments Timeline 200620072008200920102011201220132014 Radiation Aerosol in-situ Cimel, MFRSR, and UV Radiometers All-sky imager NOAA aerosol system Aerosol absorption (PSAP, CLAP, AE31) Aerosol scattering (TSI Nephelometer) Aerosol number (TSI CPC) COSMOS

10. Modeled vs. observed solar radiation IPC-XII Davos CARLO WANG 10 AOD mean= 0.05 SSA mean = 0.91 AP mean = 0.64 AOD mean= 0.13 SSA mean = 0.89 AP mean = 0.64 Global SW FluxDiffuse SW FluxDirect SW Flux F ↓ obs 643.668.4577.5 F ↓ model (no aerosol)678.549.3634.3 F ↓ model (aerosol)658.985.4578.5 ∆F ↓ molel-obs (aerosol)15.2 Wm -2 (~2%)17.0 Wm -2 (25%)1.1 Wm -2 (0.1%) Comparison of SW fluxes (Wm -2 ) from observation and simulation (2010-2011)

11. CWB Solar Radiation Network Starting from 1980s, gradually increase stations and now totally 27 stations in the network CARLO WANG 11 IPC-XII Davos

12. Solar Instruments and Calibration The first calibration was made in 2002 by comparison to newly purchased PSPs. pyranometers were calibrated once per 3 year after 2002 with ISO 9847 procedure. IPC-XII Davos CARLO WANG 12 EKO MS-093 Eppley PSPEppley AHF (x2)

13. CARLO WANG 13 IPC-XII Davos UV Radiation Network CWB has 6 stations began in 1998 and now has 20 stations in total EPA has 14 stations since year of 1998

14. IPC-XII Davos CARLO WANG 14 UV instruments Solar Light 501, 280-320 mm Kipp&Zonen UVB 280-315 mm CWB EPA 2005 2000

15. IPC-XII Davos CARLO WANG 15 UV calibrations (once per year) CWB EPA Outdoor calibration with traveling reference Indoor calibration (ISO/ICE 17025)

16. IPC-XII Davos CARLO WANG 16 Thank you! Contact: shenghsiang.wang@gmail.com