1. REPRODUCTION UNIT 2

2. ANIMAL REPRODUCTION Oviparous: the embryo grows outside the female´s body, inside an egg. Viviparous: the embryogrows inside the female´s body. SEXUAL: needs a male and a female of the same species. budding: a cell grows on the parent´s body and develops into a new sponge. Splitting: a fragment of the parent falls off and grows into a new starfish. ASEXUAL: the offspring develop from a part of the parent´s body.

3. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS Human reproduction is sexual reproduction because the process needs both a male sex cell and a female sex cell. Most male reproductive organs are external and most female reproductive organs are internal. Fallopian tube ovum vagina ovary uterus vulva Vas deferens Prostate gland testis penis scrotum urethra Female reproductive system Male reproductive system

4. FERTILISATION With the physical maturity, our reproductive systems produce cells called reproductive cells: ovum – sperm. These contain information called genetic information. An ovum and a sperm join to form a new cell called zygote. It contains genetic information from both parents. Fertilisation usually takes place in the fallopian tube. Only one sperm join with the ovum. The foetus will develop in the uterus. The uterus forms a layer of cells, which contain many blood vessels on its walls. If fertilisation doesn´t happen, the uterus expels the layer of cells and the ovum through the vagina. There is then a small loss of blood, called menstruation.

5. Amniotic sac Amniotic fluid PREGNANCY It’s the time when the ovum is fertilised until the baby is born. A human pregnancy usually lasts nine months. 1.Fertilisation takes place in the fallopian tube. 2.The zygote divides into two cells. 3.An embryo forms. 4.The embryo attaches itself to the uterus. 5.The placenta forms in the uterus. 6.An amniotic sac develops around the embryo. 7.The embryo develops into a foetus. S T A G E S foetus Embryo is the zygote divided in two cells again and again and when the cells specialise. An amniotic sac develops around the embryo. Amniotic fluid: where the embryo floats inside the amniotic sac. Placenta : organ in the uterus which takes oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the embryo. Umbilical cord joins the embryo and the placenta. Three months after the fertilisation, the embryo develops into a foetus. During the final month, the foetus grows quickly and gains weight. The baby is now ready to be born

6. BIRTH - LABOUR The process of giving birth is called labour AFTERBIRTH When the umbilical cord is cut, the baby starts to breathe with its lungs. The placenta is expelled from the uterus. BIRTH The baby leaves the mother’s body through the vagina. DILATION The opening of the uterus dilates, the baby can come out. Just before birth, involuntary muscles produce contractions in the uterus

7. Adolescence: is the stage between childhood and being an adult. During this time, there are physical, emotional and social changes as our bodies develop and grow. Puberty: is the physical changes that take place in the body during the adolescence. It begins when a gland called the pituitary gland sends hormones to the reproductive organs, which mature and begin to function. The primary sexual characteristics are the male or female reproductive systems when we are born. The secondary sexual characteristics develop at puberty.