1. Medieval Monasticism

2. Model of St. Gall

3. Plans for Monastery of St. Gall (ninth century)

4. Heaven as God’s Familia and Abbot as Father

5. Power of Monasteries

6. Oblate

7. Aristocratic Monks (late 11 th Century)

8. Fontevraud Abbey, Chinon, Anjou (France): Royal Abbey of Angevin Kings of England

9. Fontevraud: Dormitory and Refrectory

10. Fontevraud: Chapter House (exterior and interior)

11. Fontevraud Abbey Church

12. Monastic Cloister The cloister usually had four covered walkways lining the four sides of a courtyard. In medieval times, it was often located south of the church. This meant that the north walkway received enough light to make it a suitable place for reading and writing. As a result, it was often used as a scriptorium where the monks would copy or produce manuscripts. The medieval monastic cloister also had other functions. It connected various buildings and provided a sheltered link between the different parts of the monastery. Sometimes the cloister was also used for religious processions. The columns of the cloister walkways often supported capitals carved with ornament and narrative, particularly scenes from the Bible.

13. Monastery of Cluny (in Saône-et-Loire department, Burgundy, eastern France)

14. Consecration of the high altar of Basilica at Cluny by Pope Urban II in 1095 (as represented in a 12 th century ms)

15. Monastery of Cluny

16. Cluny Founded 910 by Count William I “the Pious” of Aquitaine, who placed it directly under the authority of the pope. Only obligation to the count and his family was prayer on their behalf. Distinguished by: 1)Strict adherence to the Rule of St. Benedict. 2)Dedication of monks to liturgy (prayers and rituals) 3)Organization of order: Cluniac houses were all priories answerable to the abbot of Cluny. Priors met once a year together at Cluny to make reports and discuss administrative matters.

17. Liturgical Hours Matins (during the night, at midnight with some); also called Vigils or Nocturns or, in monastic usage, the Night OfficeMatinsVigils Nocturns Lauds or Dawn Prayer (at Dawn, or 3 a.m.)Lauds Prime or Early Morning Prayer (First Hour = approximately 6 a.m.)Prime Terce or Mid-Morning Prayer (Third Hour = approximately 9 a.m.)Terce Sext or Midday Prayer (Sixth Hour = approximately 12 noon)Sext None or Mid-Afternoon Prayer (Ninth Hour = approximately 3 p.m.)None Vespers or Evening Prayer ("at the lighting of the lamps", generally at 6 p.m.)Vespers Compline or Night Prayer (before retiring, generally at 9 p.m.)Compline

18. Cluny and its priories

19. Grande Chartreuse (north of Grenoble in France), Carthusian monastery founded by St. Bruno of Cologne in 1084. Carthusians are an eremitic order, that is, they are a community of hermits, each with his own cell

20. Plans of Benedictine Monastery of St. Gall (left) and of Carthusian Monastery of Clermont (right).

21. St Bernard of Clairvaux (1090- 1153)

22. Cistercian Abbey

23. Cistercian Abbey at Fontenay, Burgundy (France)

24. Fontenay Abbey, Chapter House

25. Growth of Cistercian Order 1098Abbot Robert of Molesme with 20 monks founds Citeaux 1111La Ferté first daughter house 1115Bernard with 12 monks founds daughter house of Clairvaux. Four original daughter houses: Pontigny, Morimond, La Ferté and Clairvaux. 1128Waverly abbey: first daughter house in England 1129Rein abbey: first daughter house in Germany, 38 Cistercian monasteries 1131Tintern abbey in Wales and Rievaulx abbey in Yorkshire 1153Death of St. Bernard: 333 Cistercian abbeys (54 in England) 1300500 Cistercian houses c.1450750 Cistercian houses

27. Cistericans at work

28. St Francis (1181-1226) St. Frances and Four Posthumous Miracles, by Master of the Treasure, 1233 - 1266 (Basilica of San Francesco of Assisi) and the oldest known portrait of Francis, c.1223-4