1. Chapter Outline Chapter 30: Emerging National Movements in the Middle East & Africa ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present I. The Middle East Divided II. The Challenge to Colonial Rule in Africa III. Pan-Africanism IV. World War II and Its Aftermath

2. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 30: Emerging National Movements in the Middle East & Africa ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. I. The Middle East Divided A. The War Years Parties: Russia - Mediterranean port Britain - Suez area French - eastern Mediterranean Germans - Mediterranean, North Africa Jerusalem Zionists Ottomans Enver Pasah, Minister of War joins Central Powers Britain High Commissioner, Henry McMahon and Sharif Husain of Mecca (1856-1931) Arab independence promised

3. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 30: Emerging National Movements in the Middle East & Africa ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. I. The Middle East Divided A. The War Years 1916 - Sykes-Picot Agreement secret Britain, France, Russia division of Syria, Iraq, Turkey > Husain launches revolt, 1916 son, Faisal (1885-1933) T.E. Lawrence (1888-1935) 1920 - General Syrian Congress Faisal, king of Syria 1920 - San Remo Conference all Arab territories to Allies > mandates France - Syria, Lebanon Britain - Iraq, Palestine 1917 - Balfour Declaration Jewish homeland in Palestine World Zionist Organization, 1897 Theodore Herzl Chaim Weizmann (1872-1952)

4. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 30: Emerging National Movements in the Middle East & Africa ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. I. The Middle East Divided B. Turkey Mustafa Kemal (1880-1938) "Ataturk" hero of Gallipoli 1922 - Turkey a Republic Kemal as president 1923 - Treaty of Lausanne Turkish sovereignty Reforms secular state civil code women's vote alphabet

5. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 30: Emerging National Movements in the Middle East & Africa ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. I. The Middle East Divided C. Iran Reza Khan 1925 Qajar shah deposed > Pahlavi dynasty Reforms Tehran University westernization some secularization D. Arabia British control Persian Gulf Abd al-Aziz ibn Sa'ud (1881-1953) 1924 - Takes Mecca and Medina Sharia law

6. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 30: Emerging National Movements in the Middle East & Africa ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. I. The Middle East Divided E. Egypt 1922 - Independence Britain retains control 1923 Elections Wafd victory Zaghlul president khedive becomes king Egyptian Feminist Union, 1923 Huda Sha'rawi Muslim Brotherhood, 1928 Hasan al-Banna

7. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 30: Emerging National Movements in the Middle East & Africa ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. I. The Middle East Divided F. The Mandates Iraq 1917, British in Baghdad Constitutional monarchy 1932 - Independence British retain control 75-year oil lease Syria French control 1925-7 - rebellions 1943 - French withdraw

8. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 30: Emerging National Movements in the Middle East & Africa ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. I. The Middle East Divided G. Palestine Yishuv Zionist community kibbutzim Arabs Hajj Amin al-Husayni 1919-26, Jewish immigration increases 1933-36 Balfour Declaration

9. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 30: Emerging National Movements in the Middle East & Africa ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. II. The Challenge to Colonial Rule in Africa A. Nationalist movements New forums Lagos Weekly Record West African Pilot Imvo Zabantsundu B. Organization National Congress of British West Africa Gold Coast (Ghana), Gambia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone J. E. Casely-Hayford East African Association Kenya predominantly Kikuyo Harry Thuku, leader 1922, arrested 1923, banned Senegal Blaise Diagne elected to Chamber of Deputies

10. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 30: Emerging National Movements in the Middle East & Africa ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. III. Pan-Africanism A. International Support W.E.B. Du Bois (1868-1963) NAACP editor of The Crisis Marcus Garvey (1887-1940) Universal Negro Improvement Association B. Ethiopia Haile Selassie, emperor 1935 - Italian invasion League of Nations acts ineffective C. Post-War Fifth Pan-African Congress Du Bois Kwame Nkrumah Jomo Kenyatta shift to African leadership

11. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 30: Emerging National Movements in the Middle East & Africa ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. IV. World War II and Its Aftermath A. World War II African soldiers British West Africa 167,000 soldiers British East Africa 280,000 B. Post-War Tangyanika African National Union founded, 1954 Julius Nyerere uses UN African Democratic Assembly (RDA - Rassemblement démocratique africain) Felix Houphouet-Boigny C. Kenya Kikuyu split Jomo Kenyatta - Kenyan African Union Radials - Land and People's Party (Mau Mau) British response 1951- repression, internment camps 1955-59 - state of emergency Kenyatta in prison 1951-1961 1963 - Kenyatta elected president D. South Africa 1912 - Native National Congress > African National Congress, 1923 African National Conress John Dube (1871-1946) first president founds Ohlange Institute modeled after Tuskegee Institute Charlotte Maxeke (1874-1939) founds high school