1. The Al-Anfal Campaign KURDISH GENOCIDE IN NORTHERN IRAQ

2. Al-Anfal Campaign  Al-Anfal, Arabic for "spoils of war"  "...Anfal was a mammoth campaign of civic annihilation, displacement, and mass killing."  Ba'athist Iraq Government vs. Kurdish People  February through September 1988

3. Kurds  Ethnic Group  Scattered across the Middle East  South Eastern Turkey, Northern Iraq, Western Iran, Northern Syria  Various Religions

4. Ba'athist Iraq  Ba'ath was a Political Party  Socialist  Took power in 1963  Leader seen weak by Iraq military  July 17, 1968  Bloodless Revolution  Saddam Hussein played a key role

5. Saddam Hussein and Ali Hassan al- Majid  Effective Politician  Focused on unifying the Ba'ath Party, Iraq, and worked on Iraq's domestic problems  Al-Bakr's right hand man  1979 Saddam Hussein Elected President  Iran-Iraq War 1980  Al-Majid put in charge of internal problems  Known for ruthlessness  "Chemical Ali"

6. Al Anfal Campaign  Begins in February 1988  Final Phase of Iran-Iraq war  Official Military operation  Designed to exterminate the Kurdish people in Northern Iraq  Bomb rural areas "In order to kill the largest number of persons present."  “[a]ll persons captured in those villages shall be detained and interrogated by the security services, and those between the ages of 15 and 70 shall be executed after any useful information has been obtained from them.”

7. Halabja  March 16, 1988  Deadliest attack in the Al-Anfal Campaign  Inhabited by 45,000 Kurds  Iraqi Planes dropped chemical bombs on the city  Mustard gas and a number of nerve agents  "Smell of sweet apples"  Victims died in horrendous ways

13. Aftermath of Halabja  3,200-5,000 Kurds killed  10,000 injured  Lasting effects from chemicals  Birth defects, blindness, respiratory issues, heart issues  Many survivors wish that they would have died in the attack that day

14. Aftermath of Al-Anfal  September, 1988  90% of Kurdish villages in Northern Iraq destroyed  Saddam's Regime announced "amnesty" for all Kurds  Not allowed to go into "Prohibited Zones"  Hardly any world response  United States and others had previously supported Saddam

15. Works Cited  "25 Years After Worst Chemical Attack." International Business Times. N.p., 15 Mar. 2013. Web. 12 Apr. 2015.  "Case Study: Al-Anfal." The 1988 Anfal Campaign in Iraqi Kurdistan. N.p., 3 Mar. 2008. Web. 20 May 2015.  "Center for the Study of Genocide and Human Rights." Al-Anfal and the Genocide of Iraqi Kurds. N.p., 2 Aug. 2013. Web. 12 Apr. 2015.  "GRAPHIC: The Halabja Massacre - 1988." Military.com. N.p., 20 Mar. 2012. Web. 4 May 2015.  "Halabja Chemical Weapons." BBC News. BBC, 21 Feb. 2014. Web. 3 May 2015.  "The Crimes of Saddam Hussein." PBS. PBS, 15 Sept. 2011. Web. 1 May 2015.