1. IDENTITY: RACE, ETHNICITY, GENDER, AND SEXUALITY Chapter 5

2. As we study geography, an objective analysis of race, ethnicity, and world wide patterns of discrimination is required: It’s important to suspend our own biases as much as possible. It’s important to suspend our own biases as much as possible. We must not let our own cultural biases get in the way of understanding the lives of other people. We must not let our own cultural biases get in the way of understanding the lives of other people.

3. What Is Identity, and How Are Identities Constructed? Identity: “How we make sense of ourselves” – Ross Identity: “How we make sense of ourselves” – Ross How identities are established How identities are established Through experiences, emotions, connections, and rejections Through experiences, emotions, connections, and rejections A snapshot of who we are at a point in time A snapshot of who we are at a point in time Fluid, constantly changing, shifting, becoming Fluid, constantly changing, shifting, becoming Vary across scales, and affect each other across scales Vary across scales, and affect each other across scales Identifying against (defining the other and then defining ourselves as “not that”) Identifying against (defining the other and then defining ourselves as “not that”)

4. What are some ways you identify against the “other”? Generation Generation Gender Gender Ethnically Ethnically Sexuality Sexuality Politically Politically

5. U.S. Population by Race 2000. Census option of one or more than one race 2050. White, non-Hispanic population no longer the majority

6. The biology of race A race is a biological subspecies, or variety of a species. A race is a biological subspecies, or variety of a species. All humans today are 99.9% genetically identical. All humans today are 99.9% genetically identical. Attempts to scientifically divide humanity into biological races have proven fruitless. Attempts to scientifically divide humanity into biological races have proven fruitless. Human "races" are primarily man made creations, not biological realities. Human "races" are primarily man made creations, not biological realities.

7. A categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics A categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics Social and political constructions Social and political constructions Based on ideas that some biological differences are more important than others Based on ideas that some biological differences are more important than others Major element in colonialism and imperialism Major element in colonialism and imperialism Typically imposed on people through Typically imposed on people through Residential segregation Residential segregation Racialized divisions of labor Racialized divisions of labor Racial categories defined by governments Racial categories defined by governments Race

8. Skin Color Is a result in increased melanin to protect from intense ultraviolet rays. Is a result in increased melanin to protect from intense ultraviolet rays. The dark brown skin color is found amongst unrelated populations. The dark brown skin color is found amongst unrelated populations. Sub-Saharan Africans Sub-Saharan Africans India India Australia Australia New Guinea, and elsewhere in the Southwest Pacific. New Guinea, and elsewhere in the Southwest Pacific. Sub- Saharan Africa Fijian South Indian

9. Skin Color Variations Ethnicity is more about shared experience and dialect, than about skin color. Ethnicity is more about shared experience and dialect, than about skin color. Skin coloration is quite broad among African Americans today due to centuries of interbreeding with Europeans, Native Americans, and, more recently, Asians. Skin coloration is quite broad among African Americans today due to centuries of interbreeding with Europeans, Native Americans, and, more recently, Asians.

10. Why not use blood type instead of Skin Color? Distribution of the B blood type allele among humans Distribution of the B blood type allele among humans Using the B blood type for defining races, Australian Aborigines would be lumped together with most Native Americans. Some Africans would be in the same race as Europeans while others would be categorized with Asians.

11. Ethnicity A constructed identity that is tied to a place A constructed identity that is tied to a place Comes from idea that people are closely bounded, even related, in a place over time Comes from idea that people are closely bounded, even related, in a place over time Often result of migration Often result of migration May change in meaning with migration May change in meaning with migration

12. Ethnic Identification Check only one box Many Americans of mixed ancestry do not fully identify with the single racial/ethnic category that they have been assigned to and do not feel comfortable with it. Many Americans of mixed ancestry do not fully identify with the single racial/ethnic category that they have been assigned to and do not feel comfortable with it.

13. Ethnicity is not biological Both women are genetically African Both women are genetically African Do not speak the same language. Do not speak the same language. Do not share cultural patterns due to the fact that they were brought up in very different societies. Do not share cultural patterns due to the fact that they were brought up in very different societies. The African American woman is far more similar culturally to her European American neighbors than to the West African woman from Senegal. The African American woman is far more similar culturally to her European American neighbors than to the West African woman from Senegal.

14. Which one of these people do you think is Hispanic? People, not nature, create our identities. People, not nature, create our identities. Ethnicity is primarily from culture and social interaction rather than a biological phenomena. Ethnicity is primarily from culture and social interaction rather than a biological phenomena.

15. Ethnic Identification May result from self- identification or others. May result from self- identification or others. Identifying other people's ethnicity for them has always been a powerful political tool for controlling, marginalizing, and even getting rid of them. Identifying other people's ethnicity for them has always been a powerful political tool for controlling, marginalizing, and even getting rid of them. Nazi’s- labeled people as being Jews. Nazi’s- labeled people as being Jews. Japanese or Korean? In Japan today, 2nd and 3rd generation resident Koreans are given only limited citizenship rights-- they are not allowed to be fully Japanese.

16. How Do Places Affect Identity, and How Can We See Identities in Places? Sense of place: Infusion of places with meaning and feeling, with memories and emotions Sense of place: Infusion of places with meaning and feeling, with memories and emotions Becomes part of our identity Becomes part of our identity Effect of identity on ways we define and experience place Effect of identity on ways we define and experience place

17. http://nationalatlas.gov/natlas/Natlasstart.asp

18. Ethnic Groups in Los Angeles Barrioization: When the population of a neighborhood changes over largely to Hispanics. Barrioization: When the population of a neighborhood changes over largely to Hispanics. Changes in cultural landscapes to reflect changing populations. Changes in cultural landscapes to reflect changing populations. Strife usually tied to economic change Strife usually tied to economic change

19. Few Chinese residents in Mexicali’s Chinatown Few Chinese residents in Mexicali’s Chinatown Continued important place for the region’s Chinese population Continued important place for the region’s Chinese population Changes in Ethnic Space

20. Residential Segregation The “degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of the urban environment.” – Massey and Denton – Massey and Denton Highest rate of residential segregation for African Americans: Milwaukee, WI

21. Residential Segregation Lowest rate of residential segregation  For Hispanics/Latinos: Baltimore  For Asians/Pacific Islanders: Baltimore

22. Apartheid in South Africa 1960-1990’s 1960-1990’s Different levels of separation Different levels of separation Four officially enforced "races"– Four officially enforced "races"– European (100% European), European (100% European), Asian (100% East Indian) Asian (100% East Indian) African (100% African), African (100% African), Colored (mixture of European and African). Colored (mixture of European and African).

23. Atrocities carried out in the name of ethnic/racial purification. In all of these countries, ethnic identities have been strongly emphasized as a government policy. In all of these countries, ethnic identities have been strongly emphasized as a government policy. The result has been the rise of tribalism and even genocide. The result has been the rise of tribalism and even genocide. Recent hotspots of severe racism

24. Ethnic Cleansing Bosnia and Kosovo during the 1990's, after the breakup of Yugoslavia. Bosnia and Kosovo during the 1990's, after the breakup of Yugoslavia. Previously peaceful and overtly friendly Muslims, Croats, and Serbs living there brutally slaughtered each other to repay perceived past wrongs and to "ethnically cleanse" the land. Previously peaceful and overtly friendly Muslims, Croats, and Serbs living there brutally slaughtered each other to repay perceived past wrongs and to "ethnically cleanse" the land.

25. Genocide in Rwanda 1994 massacre of an estimated 800,000 to 1,071,000 ethnic Tutsis and moderate Hutus. 1994 massacre of an estimated 800,000 to 1,071,000 ethnic Tutsis and moderate Hutus.

26. Power Relationships and How People Are Counted The U.S. Census undercounts The U.S. Census undercounts – Minority populations – The homeless Gross National Income (GNI) does not count Gross National Income (GNI) does not count – Unpaid work of women in the household – Work done by rural women in poorer countries – The informal economy: Private, often home-based activities such as tailoring, beer brewing, food preparation

27. Gender “A culture’s assumptions about the differences between men and women: their ‘characters,’ the roles they play in society, what they represent.” “A culture’s assumptions about the differences between men and women: their ‘characters,’ the roles they play in society, what they represent.” – Domosh and Seager

28. Women in Subsaharan Africa Women in Subsaharan Africa Populate much of the rural areas, as men migrate to cities for work Populate much of the rural areas, as men migrate to cities for work Produce 70% of the region’s food Produce 70% of the region’s food Small percentage of women have legal title to their land Small percentage of women have legal title to their land

29. Murders of brides (often by burning) when a dispute arises over a dowry Murders of brides (often by burning) when a dispute arises over a dowry Difficult to “legislate away” the power relationships that lead to dowry deaths Difficult to “legislate away” the power relationships that lead to dowry deaths Female infanticide Female infanticide also tied to the also tied to the disempowerment of disempowerment of women women Dowry Deaths in India

30. Identity and Space Space: “Social relations stretched out” Space: “Social relations stretched out” Place: “Particular articulations of those social relations as they have come together, over time, in that particular location” Place: “Particular articulations of those social relations as they have come together, over time, in that particular location” Massey and Jess Massey and Jess Place making in the context of surrounding social relationships Place making in the context of surrounding social relationships

31. Gender Empowerment Measure

32. Sexuality and Space Heteronormative: Viewpoint that white, heterosexual, male is “normal” Heteronormative: Viewpoint that white, heterosexual, male is “normal” Identity cluster Identity cluster How spaces are created How spaces are created What problems they have What problems they have Queer theory:Focuses on political engagement of “queers” with the “heteronormative” Queer theory:Focuses on political engagement of “queers” with the “heteronormative”

33. Sexuality and Space