2. The Ending of the Civil war

3. Gettysburg Address  November 19, 1863  Dedicate a cemetery in Gettysburg  2 minute speech  “Remade America”  “Not just a collection of individual states – it was a unified nation”

4. Blacks Battle Bondage  180,000 African Americans fought for the Union  10% of the Union army  Suffered discrimination  38,000 died  Confederacy  Did not enlist until end of war  Thousand used for labor battalions  “Stomach of the Confederacy”  Revolts

5. Union Cont. 1862 David G. Farragut Commander of a Union fleet 40 ships Seized New Orleans Confederacy’s largest city / busiest port Took control of much of the lower Mississippi

6. Vicksburg  Ulysses S. Grant  Took northern Tennessee  Captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson  Kentucky  Opened gateway = Georgia  Fought to take Vicksburg  Confederate strongholds on the Mississippi  Rested on the bluffs above the river  Guns could control all water traffic

7. Grant  Spring 1863  Needed to weaken Confederates  Sent a Calvary through the heart of Mississippi  Destroying all rail lines  Distracted Confederates  Grant moves troops South of Vicksburg  Sent his men in search of Confederate troops  In 18 days Union troops sacked Jackson Mississippi

8. Grant  Grant rushed his troops to Vicksburg  Ordered 2 frontal attacks  Neither worked  May 1863  Set up a barrage of artillery  From both the river and the land = Several hours a day  Food supplies ran low for  Eating dogs and mules  City fell on July 4  Port Hudson, Louisiana – Last confederate holdout  Union had now cut the Confederacy in two

9. Confederacy Weakens  Confederacy  Gettysburg and Vicksburg cost the South much of its manpower  Low on food, shoes, uniforms, funds, and ammunition  Moral was weakening  Many soldiers had deserted  Many southerners began to call openly for peace

10. Grant / Sherman March 1864  Lincoln appoints Grant commander of Union armies  Grant appoints = William Tecumseh Sherman  Division of the Mississippi  These 2 appointments changed the course of the war  Both believed in waging = Total war  Grant wanted to decimate Lee’s army in Virginia  Sherman raided Georgia

11. Sherman’s March  Spring - 1864  March southeast  Created path of destruction  Burned houses, destroyed livestock  Wanted to make southerners “so sick of war that generations would pass away before they would again appeal to it”  By November = burned most of Atlanta  Sherman turned north to help Grant = “Wipe out Lee”

15. Grant Outlast Lee  Wilderness Campaign  May – June 1864  Casualties high  “Grant the Butcher”  Trench warfare  North could afford casualties = South could not

16. Surrender at Appomattox  April 3, 1865  Union troops conquered Richmond --- the Confederate capital  Southerners had abandoned the city the day before  April 9, 1865  Appomattox Court House – Virginia  Lee and Grant met at a private home to arrange a Confederate surrender

18. Cont.  Lincoln very generous  Paroled Lee’s soldiers  Sent them home with their possessions  3 days rations  Officers could keep side arms  Within 1 month resistance collapses  4 years ------Civil War was over

20. Nation Changes  360,000 Union solders died  260,000 Confederates died  Increased federal governments power and authority  Income tax  Conscription  Gave more control over individual citizens  No state ever threatened secession again  $15 Billion = Total cost of war

22. Revolution in Warfare  Rifle  Mini ball  Soft lead bullet  Hand grenades  Land mines  Ironclad ships --- replace wooden ships  Ramming wooden ships  Resist cannon fire and burning

23. War Changes Lives  13 Amendment  Ratified at the end of 1865  Abolishing Slavery  Lincolns Assassinated  April 14, 1865  5 days after surrender  Lincoln and his wife = Ford’s theatre  John Wilkes Booth  Shot the president in the back of his head  Lincoln never regained consciousness  Died April 15

24. Lincoln  Booth caught 12 days later  Shot to death  Lincoln taken from Washington to Springfield Illinois  14 days  7 million Americans turned out to mourn.  1/3 of the Unions population