1. Understanding SPSS II 2016-17 Workshop Series August 9, 2016

2. Office of Institutional Research (IR) Accountability Internal External Assessment Continual Improvement Support Surveys and Measures Planning Enrollment Management/Resource Allocation Decision-making and Policy Formation Research Qualitative and Quantitative Research Dissemination Visit us at: https://www.csusb.edu/institutional-research

3. IR Staff AVP for Institutional Effectiveness and Director of IR Muriel Lopez-Wagner Assistant Director Tanner Carollo Institutional Effectiveness Associate Joanna Oxendine Research Technician Brandon Aragon Administrative Support Coordinator Monica Villarruel Graduate Research Assistants Keiry Borruel, Lesley Quinonez, Daniell Study

4. What is SPSS? Statistical analysis software Descriptive statistics and frequencies T-Tests, ANOVA, correlations, etc. Tabulated reports, graphs, and charts. Can also be used for data management

5. SPSS or Excel? Some benefits of using SPSS over Excel include: Quick and easy access to descriptives Variety of charts and graphs Flexible pivot tables Easy to create subsets Easy value labeling User friendly with output that is easy to understand

6. Today’s Topics Syntaxes Merging Datasets Custom Tables How to Save a File

7. Syntax Syntax can be used as an alternate to Point-and-Click. Effective for repetitive tasks. Useful for creating reports multiple times. Same syntax can be used for different datasets.

8. Syntax: Rename Variables To rename a specific variable, use the following syntax: RENAME VARIABLES variable name = new name. EXECUTE. Using Dataset 1, rename TotalGradePointAverage to TOTGPA. Highlight your syntax and click the run arrow Be sure your active dataset is the one you want to run the syntax on.

9. Syntax: Value Labels Enter value labels for Gender where 1 = Female 2 = Male The syntax to create value labels: VALUE LABELS Gender 1 ‘Female’ 2 ‘Male’. EXECUTE. To add value labels to a string variable, put quotes around the value: VALUE LABELS Gender ‘1’ ‘Female’ ‘2’ ‘Male’. EXECUTE.

10. Syntax: Formats To change the current format of a variable, use the FORMATS syntax. Round TOTGPA to 2 decimals by adjusting its format: FORMATS TOTGPA (F3.2). EXECUTE. The length of string variables can also be adjusted: FORMATS variable name (A#). EXECUTE.

11. Syntax: Alter Type We can alter and adjust the format of variables using ALTER TYPE. Change Gender from a numeric variable to a string with a width of 1. ALTER TYPE Gender (A1). EXECUTE. To alter from string to numeric: ALTER TYPE variable name (F#.#).

12. Syntax: Compute (with IF statements) New variables can be computed using a specific value or from pre- existing variables. Create a numeric variable called ‘Honors’ that flags students with a TOTGPA greater than or equal to 3.5. First, compute the Honors variable to equal 0. Second, flag those with TOTGPA greater than or equal to 3.5. COMPUTE Honors = 0. IF TOTGPA >= 3.5 Honors = 1. EXECUTE.

13. Syntax: Compute (with IF statements) cont’d To create a new string variable, the variable itself must be created before its values are computed. Create a string variable called ‘Class_Standing’ that flags Freshmen and Sophomores as 1 for Lower Division and Junior and Seniors as 2 for Upper Division. STRING Class_Standing (A1). COMPUTE Class_Standing = ‘1’. IF Level = ‘Junior’ OR Level = ‘Senior’ Class_Standing = 2. EXECUTE.

14. Syntax: Apply Current Syntax to Dataset 2 Select Dataset 2 to be your active dataset. High all syntax (Ctrl+A) and press the run icon. If no syntax is highlighted, the entire syntax is run by default.

15. Merging Datasets We can merge two datasets together by adding cases or variables. There are two ways to merge datasets in SPSS. Using the top ribbon select Data -> Merge Files ->: 1. Add Cases 2. Add Variables

16. Merging Datasets: Add Cases First we will add cases with Dataset 1 being the active dataset. Select Dataset 2 to add cases from. Check to make sure variable names, types, and widths are the same. Unpaired variables are variables that are not in both datasets or do not match name, type, or width.

17. Merging Datasets: Add Variables Before merging two datasets together by adding variables, there should not be duplicate cases in the second dataset. First, identify duplicate cases in Dataset 3: Data - > Identify Duplicate Cases Since there are no duplicates, we can proceed with the merge. An error message will appear in the output if there are duplicate cases in the keyed table.

18. Merging Datasets: Add Variables We can add variables to our current dataset by merging Dataset 3 into number 1 by ID. Key variables are used to match cases within one dataset to another. Check match cases on key variables and move ID to the key variables section. The keyed table does not have duplicate key variable values.

19. Custom Tables Custom Tables can be used to create more complex outputs than Descriptive Statistics. Drag and drop variables similar to an Excel Pivot Table. Analyze -> Tables - > Custom Tables Create a table that breaks down STEM and non-STEM majors by Gender and Class_Standing. Next, add Level to the table.

20. Custom Tables cont’d Click on STEM and open Summary Statistics. Add Column N % and Layer N % Categories and Totals Change the order of values, add totals and subtotals Paste Syntax for later use:

21. Saving a File File -> Save As Save file in different formats (.txt,.xlsx,.csv, SAS, STATA, etc.) Variables – Select specific variables you want to keep.

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