1. Acoustic Metamaterials and the Dynamic Mass Density Ping Sheng Department of Physics, HKUST IPAM Workshop on Metamaterials 2010-1-25

2. Collaborators  Jason Yang, Weijia Wen, CT Chan  Zhengyou Liu  Jun Mei, Min Yang

3. Acoustic Metamaterials  For electromagnetic metamaterials, negative index of refraction can be realized when both  and  are negative  If there are corresponding acoustic metamaterials, then both the elastic modulus B and mass density D should be negative

4. Static and Dynamic Mass Densities  Static mass density: can be obtained by weighing the sample and its components, and determining their respective volumes  Dynamic mass density: used to calculate wave speed;, in the long wavelength limit.  Is there an equivalence principle, i.e., ? A even more general definition:.

5. Dynamic Mass of a Composite  Different components in a composite need not move in unison — they can move relative to each other.  When there are local resonances, average force and average acceleration can be out of phase - That means the dynamic mass can be negative.  For wave motion, an imaginary implies an exponentially decaying wave.

6. Science 289, 1734 (2000) Realization of Acoustic Metamaterial with Negative Dynamic Mass Locally Resonant Sonic Materials

7. Special Characteristics of the Locally Resonant Sonic Materials  Very subwavelength — the wavelength at the gap frequency is a few hundred times larger than the lattice constant.  Do not need periodicity — same effect with random geometry.  Can be very effective in attenuating low frequency sound — can break the mass density law.

8. Low frequency sound can be very penetrating!!! Mass Density Law  A normal incident sound wave passing through a slab of homogeneous solid with thickness d and mass density ρ.  Amplitude transmission coefficient:

9. Subwavelength Attenuation of Low Frequency Sound A disadvantage — the effective frequency is not broad-band

10. Two Questions  Can there be a membrane-type locally resonant sonic material? Would enable stacking to broaden the attenuation bandwidth.  Is each resonance always associated with the negative mass density phenomenon?

11. Membrane-Type Locally Resonant Sonic Materials  Can we break mass density law at low frequencies by using membranes?  A seeming contradiction, because total reflection requires the reflecting surface be a node, but a membrane can’t be a node, since it is so soft!  But we shall see that precisely because the membrane is soft, total reflection of low frequency sound is possible.

12. Sample Epoxy Rubber Membrane Structure of Sample 2.0cm Membrane Reflector: Samples and Measurement

13. First Membrane Eigenmode Second Membrane Eigenmode Membrane Eigenstates Frequency Layer

14. Vibration mode at the frequency of minimum transmission. Between the two eigen-frequencies, we have the superposition of the two eigen modes What is special at that frequency is that the average normal displacement of the membrane,, is zero. So what is the physics? Frequency Layer Superposition of Eigenstates

15. d Conclusion : if, then we only have No far field transmission! Propagation Mode in Air For the, we have, hence => non-propagating evanescent wave in the far field. For, we have and hence. Therefore far field transmission is only proportional to.

16. Laser Vibrometer Vibrating Surface Laser Beam Vibrometer Doppler shift of reflected light determines velocity

17. Sample Source Detectors Detector Transmission minimum when the areal average displacement is zero

18. Velocity Distribution at the Reflection Frequency Near-Total Reflection State

19. , At the reflection f requency Dynamic Effective Mass can be Negative

20. Experimental ResultsTheoretical Results Reference: PRL 101, 204301 (2008). Comparison with Experiment

21. Acoustic Metamaterials also Imply New Addition Rule Mass Density Law: Doubling the wall thickness: 18 dB would require 8 times the wall thickness! Acoustic Metamaterials: Exponential decay: Increase in STL

22. Max. TL = 48.dB at 200 Hz Max. TL = 48.dB at 200 Hz Weight = 4 kg/m 2, (~ 2 mm thick glass plate) Weight = 4 kg/m 2, (~ 2 mm thick glass plate) As Effective as an 8-layer brick wall As Effective as an 8-layer brick wall

24. 30 cm Light Weight Broadband Shield from 50 to 1500 Hz Thickness  60 mm and Weigh  15 kg/m 2 Average Transmission Loss = 45.1 dB

25.  Effective moduli and mass density are usually defined at the long-wavelength limit, hence the limit is usually taken first. Mass density disappears from the consideration. Mass Density in the Limit of Zero Frequency  For a time-harmonic wave, the elastic wave equation may be written as  Effective moduli are obtained by homogenization of the operators.

26.  Volume-averaged value,, is correct only when the components move uniformly in the limit. Exception for the Fluid-Solid Composites  For invicid fluid, relative motion between fluid and solid is possible — breakdown of the validity for.  A new formalism is desired when viscosity.  Physically, the new regime corresponds to the situation when the fluid channel width the viscous boundary layer thickness.

27.  But the p-wave velocity contains both the bulk modulus and mass density information. Need additional criterion to separate out the information — different angular channels. Obtaining the Effective Mass Density Expression  Have to start from the wave equation  Obtain the low-frequency wave solution and the dispersion relation. From the low frequency slope of, one can obtain the p-wave velocity.

28. Using Multiple Scattering Theory to Derive the Mass Density Expression Schematic diagram of the multiple scattering theory (MST)  MST represents a solution approach to the elastic equation for a periodic composite that accounts fully for all the multiple scattering effects between any two scatterers, and accounts for the inherent vector character of the elastic waves

29. Long Wavelength Limit of MST  At long wavelength the composite is an effective medium, with an effective wave speed.  vs. k is in the linear regime  What is the effective medium described by MST?

30. Dynamic Effective Mass Density  Resulting expression for the effective mass density D eff : Same as the expression derived by J. Berryman in 1980. However, there was no experimental support. Also the derivation, based on average T-matrix approach, was not rigorous.

31. Experimental Results on Fluid-Solid Composite  Almost perfect agreement is obtained by using the D eff instead of D V Reference: Mei, Liu, Wen and Sheng, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 024301-024304 (2006) F. Cervera et. al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 023902 (2002)  (Wood’s formula)

32. Concluding Remarks  Effective dynamic mass density of an inhomogeneous mixture can not only differ from its static counterpart, but also be negative at finite frequencies.  Thin membranes can reflect low frequency sound!  Realization of negative dynamic mass density is associated with the “pseudo-resonance” phenomenon that requires at least two eigenmodes of the system.

33. References  Z. Liu, X. X. Zhang, Y. Mao, Y. Y. Zhu, Z. Yang, C. T. Chan and P. Sheng, Science 289, 1734 (2000).  Z. Liu, C. T. Chan and P. Sheng, Phys. Rev. B 71, 014103 (2005).  J. Mei, Z. Liu, W. Wen and P. Sheng, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 024301 (2006).  P. Sheng, J. Mei, Z. Liu and W. Wen, Physica B 394, 256 (2007).  J. Mei, Z. Liu, W. Wen and P. Sheng, Phys. Rev. B 76, 134205 (2007).  Z. Yang, J. Mei, M. Yang, N. H. Chan and Ping Sheng, Phys. Rev. Lett, 101, 204301 (2008).

34. ~ Thank you ~