1. Deontological/Kantian Theory Morality based on rules

2. Deontological/Kantian Theory Morality based on rules Includes contractualist theories

3. Deontological/Kantian Theory Morality based on rules Includes contractualist theories Rawls, “The veil of ignorance“

4. Deontological/Kantian Theory Morality based on rules Includes contractualist theories Rawls, “The veil of ignorance“ Rules are based on a hypothetical agreement among rational agents.

5. Virtue Ethics

6. Roots in Aristotle

7. Virtue Ethics Roots in Aristotle The basis of morality is moral character or moral virtue

8. Virtue Ethics Roots in Aristotle The basis of morality is moral character or moral virtue Emphasis on virtues like: kindness, compassion, loyalty, honesty...

9. Virtue Ethics Roots in Aristotle The basis of morality is moral character or moral virtue Emphasis on virtues like: kindness, compassion, loyalty, honesty... Good/bad actions are those that exhibit good/bad moral character

10. Carruthers: Conclusions C1: Humans who are rational agents have moral standing. C2: Humans who are not rational agents have moral standing (but animals don’t) C3: It’s still wrong to torture animals for fun (maybe sometimes).

11. Carruthers’ Argument, Pt. 1

12. P1: All rational agents have moral standing because of their (hypothetical) role in devising the (hypothetical) contract (contractualism).

13. Carruthers’ Argument, Pt. 1 P1: All rational agents have moral standing because of their (hypothetical) role in devising the (hypothetical) contract (contractualism). P2: Most humans are rational agents.

14. Carruthers’ Argument, Pt. 1 P1: All rational agents have moral standing because of their (hypothetical) role in devising the (hypothetical) contract (contractualism). P2: Most humans are rational agents. C1: Most humans (i.e., the rational agents) have moral standing.

15. Carruthers’ Argument, Pt. 2

16. P1: Moral rules must accommodate universal features of human nature.

17. Carruthers’ Argument, Pt. 2 P1: Moral rules must accommodate universal features of human nature. P2: It is a universal feature of human nature to care about other human beings (even non-rational agents).

18. Carruthers’ Argument, Pt. 2 P1: Moral rules must accommodate universal features of human nature. P2: It is a universal feature of human nature to care about other human beings (even non-rational agents). P3: It is not a universal feature of human nature to care about non-human animals.

19. Carruthers’ Argument, Pt. 2 P1: Moral rules must accommodate universal features of human nature. P2: It is a universal feature of human nature to care about other human beings (even non-rational agents). P3: It is not a universal feature of human nature to care about non-human animals. C2: Non-rational human beings have moral standing, but animals do not.

20. Carruthers’ Argument, Pt. 2 P1: Moral rules must accommodate universal features of human nature. P2: It is a universal feature of human nature to care about other human beings (even non-rational agents). P3: It is not a universal feature of human nature to care about non-human animals. C2: Non-rational human beings have moral standing, but animals do not. = Empirical = Normative

21. Carruthers’ Argument, Pt. 3

22. P1: Being cruel to animals can lead to being cruel to people.

23. Carruthers’ Argument, Pt. 3 P1: Being cruel to animals can lead to being cruel to people. P2: It is wrong to be cruel to people.

24. Carruthers’ Argument, Pt. 3 P1: Being cruel to animals can lead to being cruel to people. P2: It is wrong to be cruel to people. C3: It is wrong to be cruel to animals.

25. Carruthers’ Argument, Pt. 3 P1: Being cruel to animals can lead to being cruel to people. (Maybe sometimes) P2: It is wrong to be cruel to people. C3: It is wrong to be cruel to animals.

26. Carruthers’ Argument, Pt. 3 P1: Being cruel to animals can lead to being cruel to people. (Maybe sometimes) P2: It is wrong to be cruel to people. C3: It is wrong to be cruel to animals. (Maybe sometimes)

27. Carruthers’ Argument, Pt. 3 P1: Being cruel to animals can lead to being cruel to people. P2: It is wrong to be cruel to people. C3: It is wrong to be cruel to animals. (Maybe sometimes) = Empirical = Normative

28. Carruthers: Conclusions C1: Humans who are rational agents have moral standing. C2: Humans who are not rational agents have moral standing (but animals don’t) C3: It’s still wrong to torture animals for fun (maybe sometimes).

29. Carruthers: Looming Questions

30. What if contractualism isn’t the best moral theory?

31. Carruthers: Looming Questions What if contractualism isn’t the best moral theory? What about the empirical claims about universal human nature?

32. Carruthers: Looming Questions What if contractualism isn’t the best moral theory? What about the empirical claims about universal human nature? Is this a good explanation of why it’s wrong to torture animals for fun?

33. And finally...

34. What are the implications of Carruthers’ arguments for factory farming and eating meat?

35. And finally... What are the implications of Carruthers’ arguments for factory farming and eating meat? If he’s right, are these practices justified?