1. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Chapter 2 Coastal Landscapes and Processes Image bank

2. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Figure 2.1 Biological weathering.

3. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT Figure 2.2 Slumping east of Bowleaze Cove, Dorset.

4. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Figure 2.3 The process of longshore drift.

5. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Figure 2.4 Chalk cliffs with bedding planes, Old Harry Rocks at Handfast Point, near Swanage, Dorset. Stack Bedding plane Arch Lines of weakness in the rock

6. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Figure 2.5 Lulworth Cove, Dorset.

7. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Figure 2.6 A destructive wave.

8. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Figure 2.7 A constructive wave.

9. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Figure 2.8 The fetch of waves around the British coastline.

10. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Figure 2.9 The formation of headlands and bays.

11. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Figure 2.10 The formation of cliffs and wave-cut platforms.

12. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Figure 2.11 The formation of caves, arches, stacks and stumps.

13. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Figure 2.12 The formation of a spit.

14. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Figure 2.13 A bar in Devon. A bar joined to the coastline at both ends A lagoon formed by the bar and the small streams flowing into this area

15. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Figure 2.14 Porlock Bay, Somerset. Farmland, which is flooded at high tide, becoming a salt marsh Shingle ridge no longer defended from the sea

16. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Figure 2.15 The lifeboat station and ramp, Happisburgh. Happisburgh lifeboat station Clay and sand cliff easily eroded Remains of lifeboat station ramp Broken revetments Houses on Beach Road

17. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Figure 2.16 Beach Road terminating in the sea.

18. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Figure 2.17 The Dawlish railway line after the storm.

19. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Figure 2.18 Sea walls are usually made of concrete; the newer ones have a recurved top, like this one at Blackpool. Can cause wave scouring if not positioned correctly. Visual impact – they can be very large structures which have a major impact on the local landscape Ugly – puts tourists off. Very visible – makes residents feel safe. Stops the coastline receding by interfering with the natural processes occurring on the coastline. Cost – £6,000 per linear metre. Reflects and absorbs wave energy. Effective for many years

20. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Figure 2.19 Groynes are usually made of rock or wood like these at St. Bees in Cumbria; they stretch from the coastline into the sea. Keeps beach in place for the tourist industry Can have a visual impact. Effective for many years. Cost – £400 per metre for 1 metre high wooden groyne. Disrupts the natural processes at work on the beach. Prevents longshore drift – sand builds up on one side of the groyne. Difficult to walk along the beach. Unattractive.

21. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Figure 2.20 Rip rap are large rocks placed in front of a cliff; these are below a landscaped cliff at Whitby in Yorkshire. Unattractive. Can be cheap depending on rock type use Dissipates wave energy. Effective for many years Visually intrusive if placed on a sandy beach. Introduces foreign rock types to an area. Not effective in storm conditions. Can make beach inaccessible for tourist

22. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Figure 2.21 Swanage beach in 2005 and after (2007) the placing of sand and pebbles on a beach, known as beach nourishment. May affect plant and animal life in the area. Requires constant maintenance as it is washed away quickly. Disrupts home owners – large noisy lorries regularly visit the area to replenish the beach. Good use of sand dredged from harbours and ports. Provides beach for tourists. Cheap – £6,500 per 100 metres. The beach dissipates wave energy and is the best form of natural defence. Looks natural.

23. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Figure 2.22 Offshore reefs in Norfolk: enormous concrete blocks, natural boulders or even tyres are sunk offshore to alter wave direction and dissipate wave energy. They allow the build up of sand due to the reduction in wave energy. Visual impact – they change the way that the coastal landscape looks. The waves break further offshore, which reduces their erosive power. They interfere with natural processes such as longshore drift. Difficult to install the reefs. Cost – £1,950 per metre. May be removed by heavy storms.

24. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Figure 2.23 A dispersion diagram of pebble size.

25. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Figure 2.24 An aerial photograph of part of the Isle of Purbeck.

26. Chapter 2: Coastal Landscapes and Processes NEXT EDEXCEL GCSE GEOGRAPHY A TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Figure 2.26 Simplified geological map of the Isle of Purbeck.