1. Chapter 11 The Child from Four to Eight Months of Age ©2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

2. Materials and Activities Materials for this age group must be challenging and safe – Attention-catching toys stimulate the interest of these infants and lengthen their playtime – Limited control of their arm and hand muscles causes them to be rather rough on their toys Materials may be homemade or commercially made ©2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

3. Caregiver Strategies to Enhance Development Teachers make educational decisions based upon specific observations of development Resources are available through organizations, libraries, colleges, and universities Zero to Three is an example of a resource for teachers and parents ©2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

4. Physical Development Infants are highly motivated to master physical skills and explore their environments and as a result they develop rapidly Physical development includes: – Locomotion – Manipulation – Eating – Teething ©2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

5. Suggestions for Implementing Curriculum-- Physical Development Position infants safely to practice sitting, bouncing, standing with support Provide uncluttered space where infant can roll around and push with arms and legs Provide materials for grasping, reaching, hitting, banging, throwing, dropping Individualize/adjust sleeping and eating routines, add spoon, cup, limited finger food ©2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

6. Cognitive and Language Development Cognitive Development – Sensory exploration continues in this stage and is key to brain development – Infants repeat actions to gain reactions – Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage of Cognitive Development: In Stage 3, the infant explores object permanence ©2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

7. Suggestions for Implementing Curriculum- -Cognitive Development Observe movements the infant repeats and provide materials to facilitate repetition Play peek-a-boo Cover up part of an object with a blanket and let the infant pull it out Repeat and imitate the infant’s behaviors Initiate action and watch for infant to imitate it ©2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

8. Cognitive and Language Development Language Development – Cooing and babbling are important steps in the acquisition of language – Infants seem to produce sounds first and then discover them to reproduce over and over – Babbling does not occur in social isolation – Infants can distinguish and prefer ‘lexical’ words (labels) ©2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

9. Suggestions for Implementing Curriculum-- Language Development Talk directly to infant Place yourself so that the infant can see you when you converse together Call the infant by name and talk with child. Make sounds, talk, sing to infant Use normal speaking patterns and tones when talking with infants ©2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

10. Emotional Development Infants at this age now express a wider range of emotions Fear – Stranger anxiety is a normal behavior Temperament – Create a goodness of fit between the child and her environment ©2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

11. Suggestions for Implementing Curriculum-- Emotional Development Use primary caregiving strategies – Limit the number of ‘strangers’ – Introduce new people carefully Tell the infant when you are leaving and greet them again when you return Provide quiet space and time for infants Verbally affirm infant’s feelings Talk calmly and soothingly ©2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

12. Social Development Infants are now developing definite and strong attachments to family members and primary caregivers Their interest in others and mobility contribute to their initiating and responding to interactions with other children and adults ©2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

13. Suggestions for Implementing Curriculum-- Social Development Reinforce attachment to family members Provide mirrors and photos of familiar people Allow infant to initiate and complete a task without interruption Do not distract an infant to play your game Respond immediately and consistently to happy, sad, or angry pleas for attention Allow infant to touch other children Arrange space so that infants can see adults from all areas of the room ©2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

14. Spotlight on Research Attachment to Objects – Children use attachment objects for a wide variety of reasons – Making attachment objects accessible may serve to alleviate some of the stress and assist young children with healthy emotional and social development ©2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

15. Checkpoint Discussion Questions When an infant can roll from stomach to back and from back to stomach, what additional caregiver strategies are needed? Explain your rationale for at least three strategies. Describe the development in eye-hand coordination of an infant between four and eight months old. Describe language development for infants between four and eight months old. Match two developmental changes with caregiver strategies. ©2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

16. Checkpoint Discussion Questions Deborah, a five-month-old, is sitting up against a pillow on the floor. She is looking at the toy she has just thrown out of her reach. She leans forward, tips over, and cries. Describe what you would do next. Explain why you would do it. List three caregiver strategies that facilitate the social development of the infant between four and eight months. ©2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.