1. Construction of the Gazetteer of Japanese Place Names based on Humanities GIS
Ikuo Oketani,
Human Sciences,
Osaka International University
As we wrote in the abstract, we are constructing Japanese Gazetteer now.
Our presentation today is about “Construction of the Gazetteer of Japanese Place Names based on Humanities GIS.”
And then, we will present about the locations of 2,861 public shrines that are documented in Engishiki, a collection of laws and regulations on shrines in Japan.

2. Humanities: Archaeology, History, Area Studies, etc
Recent spread of GIS
Humanities: Archaeology, History, Area Studies, etc
Correlation with geographic information is effective in assisting research
More cases of research in humanities studies outside Japan using time-space information
Only few tools that could become a foundation for humanities research such as the Gazetteer of Japanese Place Names
Collaborative development of Geographical Information and Resource Sharing System for Humanities
The recent spread of GIS has enabled disciplines in the humanities, particularly archaeology, history, and area studies, to collaborate using digitized maps and geographic information, such as satellite pictures.
Despite the increasing number of humanities studies outside Japan that use such historical and geographical information, in Japan, there are few tools that could become a foundation for such humanities research besides the Gazetteer of Japanese Place Names.

3. Characteristics of the Digital Gazetteer
Dainihon Chimeijisho (The Dictionary of Place Names in Greater Japan)
Edited by Togo Yoshida ( )
In 1895, Yoshida decided to compile the Dictionary of Place Names since there were no standard dictionaries for place names in Japan.
The first edition was published in 1900
Completed in 1907, spending 13 years on compiling
The first full scale, real dictionary of place names in Japan.
Still used as a basic source in historical geography more than 100 years after it was published
We have been creating and developing the database for the Digital Gazetteer of Japanese Place Names using modern technology to further the pioneering effort of Togo Yoshida.
Dainihon Chimeijisho (The Dictionary of Place Names in Greater Japan) is the first full scale, real dictionary for place names that Togo Yoshida compiled in 1900.
It took him 13 years to compile after he had realized that there were no standard dictionaries for place names in Japan and decided to edit one in 1895.
The first edition was published in 1900 and is still been used as a basic source in historical geography even now.

4. Dainihon Chimeijisho (The Dictionary of Place Names in Greater Japan)
Here is a picture of the eight volumes of Dainihon Chimeijisho (The Dictionary of Place Names in Greater Japan), the first full scale, real synthetic dictionary edited by Togo Yoshida.
Dainihon Chimeijisho (The Dictionary of Place Names in Greater Japan)

5. Title of Dainihon Chimeijisho
This is Title of Dainihon Chimeijisho.
Title of Dainihon Chimeijisho

6. Index of Dainihon Chimeijisho
This is an index of Dainihon Chimeijisho (The Dictionary of Place Names in Greater Japan), written in kanji and hiragana.
It includes the volume and page citations for the detail explanation of the historical investigation and transition of country names and geography, that is, names of counties, mountains, rivers, lakes, and harbors.
Index of Dainihon Chimeijisho

7. The index records 53,676 place names
Detail explanation of the historical studies and change of country names, county names, names of mountains, rivers, lakes, and harbors.
The index records 53,676 place names
Kanji, kana readings, and Romanization of place names.
Geographical relations of country, county, and village.
Relations with the current city, town, and village.
Providing latitude and longitude.
We are developing the database for the index of Dainihon Chimeijisho (The Dictionary of Place Names in Greater Japan) that provides the detail explanation of the historical investigation and change of place names such as country names, county names, names of mountains, rivers, lakes and harbors. Its first edition was published in 1900.
The index contains 53,676 place names in kanji and kana.
The database for the Digital Gazetteer digitizes by providing kanji and kana readings of place names, Romanization of place names, geographical relations of countries, counties, and villages, the relations with the current cities, towns, and villages, and latitude and longitude, based on the index of Dainihon Chimeijisho (The Dictionary of Place Names in Greater Japan).

8. Adding the information on the change of place names
Volume and issue numbers, pages of the corresponding sections of Dainihon Chimeijisho (The Dictionary of Place Names in Greater Japan) (*we are considering the expansion)
Adding the information on the change of place names
Index of the part of places (“Chi no Bu”) of Kojiruien
Index of place names written in ancient Japanese
Considering the future expansion, we are preserving the volume numbers of Dainihon Chimeijisho (The Dictionary of Place Names in Greater Japan) and pages of the corresponding sections.
Furthermore, as the provision of the information on the transition of place names and the digitization of the index of places (“Chi no Bu”) of Kojiruien and place names in the ancient Japan are completed, we are planning to merge the Digital Gazetteer with Dainihon Chimeijisho (The Dictionary of Place Names in Greater Japan).

9. Recording structure and Database management system
Adoption of XML (Extensible Markup Language)
Database management system
Adoption of MySQL
Characteristics of MySQL
simple and easy to introduce and apply
stable and rigid system
high-speed search
support SQL, standard database language with high utility value
collaboration with the Web and possibility to use many programming languages such as Perl
works with Japanese
MySQL is open-resource relational database (RDB).
It is simple, speedy, and stable DBMS, and functions as a server for database. MySQL has high affinity with Web.
Its characteristics are as follows:
1. simple and easy to introduce and apply
2. stable and rigid system
3. high-speed search
4. support SQL, standard database language with high utility value
5. collaboration with the Web and possibility to use many programming languages such as Perl
6. works with Japanese
As it is open resource, it does not cost any to obtain and use.

10. What’s Shikinaisha ?
Shrines registered with Jinmyocho of Engishiki , a collection of laws and regulations on shrines
2,861 shrines (3,132 za) in Japan
from the Tohoku region to Osumi, Satsuma in the south
Kinki region has a high distribution
Next, We will present about an application of GIS for humanities.
We report the locations of 2,861 public shrines that are documented in Engishiki, a collection of laws and regulations on shrines in Japan using GIS.
式内社の地域的分布やその位置情報の情報は、神道の基本資料として、今後、学問研究に大きく貢献することになると思われる。
It seems that regional distribution and information at the position will greatly contribute to the academic research as basic material of Shinto.
Shikinaisha are shrines that are registered with Jinmyocho of Engishiki.
The number totals 2,861 shrines (3,132 za) in Japan, from the Tohoku region to Osumi, Satsuma in the south.
Kinki has the largest number of Shikinaisha.
And then, As za refers to the number of Saijin (gods worshipped at the festivals), the numbers of the shrines and za do not match.
Some shrines have more than two za from honoring many gods.

11. What’s Engishiki ?
Code that collects detailed enforcement regulations such as ritsu, ryo, and kyaku in Heian period.
Compiled in 927
It is like a reference dictionary covering political issues
It is a historical source essential for studying Heian period
50 volumes
Jingi no hen (Jingishiki), volumes 1 to 10, are about shrines
Engishiki is a code that collects detailed enforcement regulations such as ritsu, ryo, and kaku.
It was started being compiled by Emperor Godaigo in August 905 and completed in December 927.
It is one of the kaku and shiki orders that supplemented ritsu and ryo. As it was compiled in 927 during the Engi era, it is referred to as Engishiki. It covers a wide range of issues from political to others, and is like a reference dictionary.
It is an essential source for studying the Heian period.
It consists of 50 volumes. Volumes 1 to 10 are especially important for shrines, which is called Jingi no hen (Jingishiki).

12. This table shows the number of shrines and za in each prefecture.
No.
Prefecture
Number of "Za"
Number of Shrine 1
北海道(Hokkaido) 25
滋賀県(Shiga)
155
142 2
青森県(Aomori) 26
奈良県(Nara)
289
219 3
秋田県(Akita) 27
和歌山県(Wakayama) 31 4
岩手県(Iwate) 14 28
京都府(Kyoto)
268
166 5
山形県(Yamagata) 6 29
大阪府(Osaka)
230
188
宮城県(Miyagi) 50 30
兵庫県(Hyogo)
240
217 7
福島県(Fukushima) 36
岡山県(Okayama) 55 49 8
栃木県(Tochigi) 11 32
広島県(Hiroshima) 20 9
群馬県(Gunma) 12 33
鳥取県(Tottori) 56 48 10
茨城県(Ibaragi) 34
島根県(Shimane)
237
236
埼玉県(Saitama) 35
山口県(Yamaguchi) 15
東京都(Tokyo)
徳島県(Tokushima) 46 13
神奈川(Kanagawa) 37
香川県(Kagawa) 24
千葉県(Chiba) 18 38
愛媛県(Ehime)
山梨県(Yamanashi) 39
高知県(Kochi) 21 16
長野県(Nagano) 40
福岡県(Fukuoka) 17
新潟県(Niigata) 65 64 41
佐賀県(Saga)
富山県(Toyama) 42
長崎県(Nagasaki) 54 19
石川県(Ishikawa) 85 43
熊本県(Kumamoto)
福井県(Fukui)
168 44
大分県(Oita)
静岡県(Shizuoka)
176
172 45
宮崎県(Miyazaki) 22
愛知県(Aichi)
147
146
鹿児島県(Kagoshima) 23
岐阜県(Gifu) 47
沖縄県(Okinawa)
三重県(Mie)
281
259
This table shows the number of shrines and za in each prefecture.

13. Example of Geo-Data of Shikinaisha (Shrines)番号 国 郡名
延喜式での表記 比定 緯度 経度
比定住所 1
出雲国 意宇
熊野坐神社名神大
熊野大社
八束郡八雲村熊野2451 2
前神社
熊野大社摂社稲田神社合祀 3
能利刀神社
熊野大社摂社伊邪那美神社合祀 4
田中神社 5
楯井神社 6
速玉神社 7
布吾彌神社
玉作湯神社飛地摂社布吾彌神社
八束郡玉湯町大字玉造字湯端508 8
磐坂神社
八束郡八雲村大字西岩坂946 9
佐久佐神社
八重垣神社
松江市佐草町字八雲床227 10
眞名井神社
松江市山代町字伊弉諾84 11
鷹日神社
松江市東津田町高杉1375 12
山代神社
松江市古志原町73 13
賣豆紀神社
売豆紀神社
松江市雑賀町1663 14
野白神社
松江市乃白町779 15
布自奈大穴持神社
八束郡玉湯町大字布志名字宮山151 16
布自奈神社
布自奈大穴持神社摂社布自奈神社 17
久多彌神社
久多美神社
松江市東忌部町
This table shows a part of example of the locations of 2,861 public shrines registered with Engshiki.

14. A nation-wide distribution of shrines
This diagram/chart shows a nation-wide distribution of shrines.
A nation-wide distribution of shrines

15. A distribution of shrines in Yamato
This diagram is a distribution of shrines in Yamato, which is currently Nara prefecture.

16. A distribution of shrines in Ise, Iga, Shima (Mie prefecture)
And then, This diagram is a distribution of shrines in Ise, Iga, Shima, which is currently Mie prefecture.
A distribution of shrines in Ise, Iga, Shima (Mie prefecture)

17. Ise (Ise Shrine) :Mie Prefecture
This is Ise-Jinguu.
This is Grand Shrine of Ise in the common name.
The shrine is commonly known as Ise Jingu.

18. A distribution of shrines in Izumo (Shimane prefecture)
Next diagram shows a distribution of shrines in Izumo, which is currently Shimane prefecture.

19. Kitukino-taisya (Izumo Taisya) :Shimane
This is Izumo-Taisya
This is Grand Shrine of Izumo in the common name.
The shrine is commonly known as Izumo Taisya (イズモ　オホヤシロ）.

20. The distribution chart oｆ the number of shrines
The distribution chart showing the number of shrines in 9 steps (is presented here).

21. The distribution chart showing the number of shrines in 2 steps (is presented here)
This shows a prefecture with more shrines and fewer shrines.
The prefectures with 0 to 31 shrines are shown in white, while prefectures with 31 to maximum 259 shrines are shown in grey.

22. This shows prefectures with more shrines and fewer shrines.
With white and grey, we distinguish prefectures that have less than half of the maximum number of shrines and more than that number.
From the Tohoku region in the north to Osumi and Satsuma in the south, the shrines are particularly concentrated in the Kinki region.
The farther away from Kinki, the number becomes smaller.
As Jinmyocho only record the shrines accredited by the state, we assume that it shows a close relationship between the local power and the central state.

23. In the end
Construction of the Gazetteer of Japanese Place Names (by the end of this year)
Correlation with HGIS (Geographic Information Sharing System for Humanities)
Finally, we will construct the Gazetteer of Japanese Place Names by the end of this year.
And this construction of the Gazetteer is developed in correlation with HGIS(Geographic Information Sharing System for Humanities) .

24. Thank you Thank you very much for your attention. <skip>
I think there are many questions from the floor.
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