1. The discovery of two new satellites of Pluto Max Mutchler Space Telescope Science Institute FIT visit 18 January 2006

2. T-minus 4 hours and counting…

3. Overview Hubble’s Advanced Camera, Discovery Team Discovery of Pluto, Charon, and the Kuiper Belt Early Hubble observations of Pluto Hubble mission support for New Horizons: discovery of two more Pluto satellites Confirming and following-up the discovery Implications, and recent related discoveries New Horizons mission to Pluto and beyond More information via the web Questions?

4. Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) Hubble Servicing Mission 3B in March 2002: ACS installed Calibrating, pointing, and drizzling

5. Hubble Pluto Satellite Search Team reporting the discovery to the New Horizons Science Team on November 2, 2005 at the Kennedy Space Center Left to Right: Hal Weaver (JHU/APL), Andrew Steffl (SwRI), S. Alan Stern (SwRI), Leslie Young (SwRI), John Spencer (SwRI), Marc Buie (Lowell Observatory), Bill Merline (SwRI), Max Mutchler (STScI), and…Eliot Young (SwRI)

6. The discovery of Pluto in 1930, and confirmation Clyde Tombaugh

7. The discovery of Pluto’s moon Charon in 1978 James Christy & Robert Harrington U.S. Naval Observatory Washington, D.C.

8. Discovery of the Kuiper Belt in 1992

9. Discovery of two new moons of Pluto Press release image for new moons: the discovery was surprisingly easy for Hubble with ACS… but not quite as easy as it looks here.

10. New satellite discovery observations Hubble proposal designed by Weaver, Stern, et al., initially rejected, then accepted when STIS died Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) Wide Field Channel (WFC) covers entire orbital stability zone Pluto-Charon near chip gap: peek-a-boo! 4 long exposures on May 15 and May 18, 2005, using only 2 orbits Discovery on June 15: try it yourself…

11. 15 May 2005, frame 1 Notice the star trails, cosmic rays, chip gap…

12. 15 May 2005, frame 2 Notice the star trails, cosmic rays, chip gap…

13. 15 May 2005, frame 3 Dithering across the chip gap now…see anything?

14. 15 May 2005, frame 4 Dithering across the chip gap now…see anything?

15. 15 May 2005, sum 4 frames Looking for real objects among all the artifacts…

16. 15 May 2005, median 4 frames Looking for real objects among all the artifacts…

17. 18 May 2005, frame 1 Do it again 3 days later…where are the moons?

18. 18 May 2005, frame 2 Do it again 3 days later…where are the moons?

19. 18 May 2005, frame 3 Dither across the gap…where are the moons?

20. 18 May 2005, frame 4 Do it again 3 days later…where are the moons?

21. 18 May 2005, median 4 frames “Clean” image

22. 15 May 2005, median 4 frames “Clean” image

23. 15 and 18 May 2005, median 8 frames S/2005 P 1 Charon S/2005 P 2 New moons are roughly 3-4x farther out than Charon, with possible 6:4:1 orbital resonances

25. Initial thoughts Why is Pluto suddenly going so easy on us ?!? Well-designed program: long exposure times (but not too long), two epochs…the gap is OK Two objects! They somewhat validate each other, and assumptions about their orbits Surprised they are so close to Pluto and Charon: expecting any moons to be farther out, but they don’t violate dynamical constraints (Stern, 1994) Could they be something other than moons?

26. Confirmation and follow-up Independent discovery in Aug 2005 by Andrew Steffl Search other existing data: Hubble, Subaru… Hubble follow-up: impossible until Feb 2006 (2 gyros) Ground-based attempts to image the new moons in Sep/Oct: Keck, VLT, Gemini (difficult until spring 2006) Checklist of alternate explanations: rule them out? Confident enough to announce on 31 October 2005

27. The “checklist” of possible explanations Detector artifacts? Optical “ghosts” or scattered light? Overlapping cosmic rays or star trails? Real, but asteroids? KBO (Plutinos)? New moons of Pluto!

29. Preliminary assumptions and implications Orbits are co-planar with Charon, nearly circular, possibly in stable resonances with each other No other moons of similar magnitude (unless artifacts hid them); very compact system Pluto first KBO with multiple satellites: implies there are probably many more Probably formed primordially with Charon (collision), not later (captured)

30. P1P2 ~100 km Relative sizes of Pluto, Charon, and new moons (P1 and P2) 2300 km 1200 km New moons are roughly 12x smaller than Charon, and 5000x fainter than Charon

31. What does a “quadruple planet” look like? http://www.stsci.edu/~mutchler/pluto_50.html Animation produced with Celestia

32. Announcement and publications Weaver et al, 2005, IAU Circular 8625 Weaver et al., 2006, Nature (accepted) Stern et al., 2006, Nature (accepted) Steffl et al., Astronomical Journal (submitted) Pre-prints available online at: http://arxiv.org/archive/astro-ph

33. The 10 th planet? “Xena & Gabrielle”

34. Pluto Moon Earth Xena

35. Should we call Pluto a planet? I’m neutral. But some things to consider… Is Pluto just the first of many Kuiper Belt “ice dwarf” planets discovered? Is larger Xena the 10 th planet? Are slightly smaller Sedna, Quaoar planets? Ceres was called a planet for ~50 years, then re-classified as an asteroid (a precedent) Will we have only 8 planets, or hundreds of them? Is this a problem? Seems like progress to me. The IAU is working on it…in the meanwhile, it is a harmless and healthy “non-controversy”

37. Pluto July 2015 Kuiper Belt 2016-2020 Jupiter March 2007 Launch Jan 2006 New Horizons mission

38. S/C trajectory time ticks: 10 min Charon orbit time ticks: 12 hr Occultation: center time Position and lighting at Pluto C/A Distance relative to body center Pluto Charon 0.24° Sun Earth 12:40 13:40 11:40 Pluto-Charon Encounter Geometry Arrival July 14, 2015 Pluto C/A 11:59:00 11,095 km 13.77 km/s Charon C/A 12:12:52 26,937 km 13.87 km/s Pluto-Sun Occultation 12:49:00 Pluto-Earth Occultation 12:49:50 Charon-Sun Occultation 14:15:41 Charon-Earth Occultation 14:17:50

39. Launch currently set for: January 18, 2006 1:16 PM EST 8 23 00 00 http://pluto.jhuapl.edu

40. Questions? … AND TWO LITTLE MOONS ! http://www.boulder.swri.edu/plutonews http://pluto.jhuapl.edu http://hubblesite.org