1. Leg Ergometer for Blood Flow Studies Amy Weaver, Cali Roen, Lacey Halfen, Hyungjin Kim BME 201 March 9, 2007

2. Client:William Schrage Dept. of Kinesiology Advisor:Paul Thompson Dept. of Biological Systems Engineering

3. Overview Problem statement Background Design requirements Design alternatives Proposed Design Future work

4. Problem Statement Test subject will use the ergometer to maintain a constant kicking motion Leg must passively return to original position Femoral artery is imaged using an ultrasound Used to determine blood flow to the leg during exercise

5. Background: Blood Flow Research Measure blood flow in femoral artery Examine how smaller blood vessels regulate upstream (femoral) blood flow Infuse drugs into the femoral artery

6. Background Blood Flow Research Two research questions: 1. What are the neural, metabolic, and vascular signals controlling blood flow at rest and exercise? 2. How do conditions like aging and cardiovascular diseases (obesity, high blood pressure, etc) alter the regulation of blood flow Wider implications understanding blood pressure control correlated with obesity, diabetics, and high blood pressure

7. Background: Existing Devices Current device in use at Mayo Clinic Used part of an exercise bike and a car seat Boot is a rollerblade boot with the toe cut out Device was unreliable, and had variable forces

9. Background: Existing Devices Cont. http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/01/38/1/chin.html

10. http://www.hanix.net/en/powermax.htm

11. Design Requirements Streamlined and compact with minimal loose parts Minimum lifespan of five years Easily portable (with wheels) 5’ long x 3’ wide Chair positioned at various angles from vertical and 3’ above ground Adjust for people of heights 5’4” to 6’4” Flexible range of motion for full leg extension while kicking

12. Design Requirements Passive return to rest position of the leg after kicking Set up for right leg testing Wattage (0-100 W) and kick rate (30-60 KPM) output to a laptop through an A/D converter Maintain a constant wattage throughout testing Adjustable force between tests Under $2,000

13. Design Alternatives: Seat for pateint Reclining Adjustable height “Boot” for foot Straps to hold shoe Adjustable force Wheels for movement Sensors Wattage Kicking rate

14. Design Alternatives: Gas Spring Shock Force from compression of gas in a cylinder Function of velocity Can be purchased in various sizes with variable force Use a cable, allowing for full range of kicking motion Disadvantages Springs back to initial position http://www.globalspec.com/FeaturedProducts/Detail/IndustrialGasSprings/ Stainless_Steel_Gas_Springs_/34982/0?fromSpotlight=1

15. Design Alternatives: One Way Clutch Allows rotation in only one direction When clutch locks, friction device is engaged When foot is returning, clutch freely rotates Clutch attached to boot by a bar with ball joints http://adcats.et.byu.edu/WWW/Publication/94-1/Paper1-12_6.html http://www.mie.utoronto.ca/staff/projects/cleghorn/T extbook/DataFiles/Appendix-B/Appendix-B.html

16. Design Alternatives: with Drum Brake Shoes push out against drum providing friction Force is constant Adjustable by altering force normal to drum Disadvantages Properties change with heat Brake pedals need to be replaced http://www.howstuffworks.com/drum- brake.htm/printable

17. Proposed Design: with Viscous Friction Viscous friction for force against kick Two pieces of metal with liquid between Force = μ*A*v / t Force altered by changing area Force remains constant through minor temperature changes Rotating Axle http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/152.mf1i. spring02/Viscosity.htm

18. Design Matrix Weight Gas Spring Shock One Way Clutch w/ viscous friction One Way Clutch w/ Drum Brake Overall Reliability200.750.90.65 Ease to Construct510.8 Maintenance Required150.8 0.6 Ease of Use100.7 0.6 Consistent Force150.60.80.6 Flexible Kicking Motion1010.8 Passive Kicking Return200.2511 Force Adjustability5110.7 Total (Out of 100)688672.5

19. Future Work Finalize design Order components Construct design Test and modify

20. References Maximal Perfusion of Skeletal Muscle in Man (Per Andersen and Bengt Saltin) 1984 Professor Fronczak ADCATS at Brigham Young University http://adcats.et.byu.edu/WWW/Publication/94-1/Paper1- 12_6.html http://adcats.et.byu.edu/WWW/Publication/94-1/Paper1- 12_6.html